A review of controlling motivational strategies from a self-determination theory perspective: implications for sports coaches

The aim of this paper is to present a preliminary taxonomy of six controlling strategies, primarily based on the parental and educational literatures, which we believe are employed by coaches in sport contexts. Research in the sport and physical education literature has primarily focused on coaches’ autonomy-supportive behaviours. Surprisingly, there has been very little research on the use of controlling strategies. A brief overview of the research which delineates each proposed strategy is presented, as are examples of the potential manifestation of the behaviours associated with each strategy in the context of sports coaching. In line with self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2002), we propose that coach behaviours employed to pressure or control athletes have the potential to thwart athletes’ feelings of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which, in turn, undermine athletes’ self-determined motivation and contribute to the development of controlled motives. When athletes feel pressured to behave in a certain way, a variety of negative consequences are expected to ensue which are to the detriment of the athletes’ well-being. The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness and interest in the darker side of sport participation and to offer suggestions for future research in this area.     

Form as Content,or, It's All Style

How we say what we say is a part of what we say. In this sense, the form and the content of a statement are inseparable. Style matters semiotically as well as aesthetically. These three assertions are supported by a series of examples from a wide range of verbal and non-verbal sports-historical texts. In accordance with the post-modernist emphasis on reflexivity, several of my examples are taken from my own efforts to ‘do’ history.     

试论“谏诤”文学的分类归属和范围

谏诤在古代的一些文学总集和政史类著作中有被作为子目的情形。从文学的角度认识谏诤,一方面,谏诤的内容可以用封事、书、疏、表等奏议类文体来表现;另一方面,受儒家诗教理论的影响,讽谏也成为大量诗赋作品的一个不断延续的主题。在学界注重古代文体分类的今天,谏诤的文体归属何去何从,是本文探讨的一个重点。     

新赛制对羽毛球女双技术风格的影响

经临场技术统计和调查研究后发现，在羽毛球女子项目试行每局7分制后，女双运动员必须在技术全面的基础上，更加突出速度、力量和凶狠性，以进攻打法为主的运动员，在比赛中更能取得较好成绩。女子项目男性化已经成为一种不可逆转的趋势。     

体育学术英语的文体特征

体育学术英语是英语的一个子系统，是人们从事体育科学研究活动和进行体育学术交流时所使用的语言。作为全民语言的一个部分，它有着与其他子系统相同的共核部分，但同时又有其身躯的区别于其他子系统的特征。这些特征取决于体育学术英语的功能和语用。     

丘山竞技健美操训练中独特风格的创造

丘山竞技健美操训练法作为我国高校健美操教学与训练中的重要方法之一，不仅强调竞技健美操的体育之健、舞蹈之美特点，强调竞技健美操增强体质、陶冶情操的功能，更是突出强调了竞技健美操独特风格的创造。根据丘山竞技健美操训练中对独特风格创造的部分理论和观点，提出一些粗浅的认识。     

唐代墓室壁画艺术风格初探

唐代墓室壁画填补了唐画研究缺乏真迹的空白,展现了唐代绘画的创新面貌。已发现的唐代墓室壁画可分为三个发展时期初期继承南北朝画风,疏、密二体并行,由疏简、劲健而稍有板滞向流畅、舒展而又灵动的方向转化;中期体现为几种风格的融合,简快、豪放,有“吴带当风”之韵;晚期在完善中期风格的同时,又有创新,开五代细丽精巧的人物画风及工笔重彩花鸟画风之先河。     

从白居易的诗歌看其长安情感的变迁

唐代诗人离开长安后经常提及长安,白居易也是如此。白居易离开长安后,诗中承载着其对长安的追忆和怀念。白居易长安情感的表达和政治理想的寄寓是紧密相连的,这种政治理想的抒发是复杂而矛盾的。白居易对长安的情感不是一成不变的,经历了巨大变迁,并经由变迁折射出其思想情怀的变化。这种长安情感和思想情怀的变迁异于唐代的其他诗人,是白居易人生选择的结果,也展现了其个人性情和独特的人生态度。     

论元白唱和诗情感交流的类型

共同的理想追求,相近的诗歌风格,使元稹和白居易自相识之日起便结下了坚贞情谊。二人在交往过程中,常以唱和为媒介,传递信息,互通有无。文章试图从政治关切、仕途砥砺、精神安抚、诗艺切磋等多角度分析其唱和所渗透“相戒”、“相勉”、“相慰”、“相娱”的情感交流类型,窥探诗人间深厚友情,以作为彼此相处、知人论世之凭证。     

论石门题刻的文学内涵和价值

石门是东汉时期于褒斜道南口开凿的人工隧道,是古代秦岭山脉中由关中通往巴蜀的孔道,因其地处冲要,也留下了大量的名胜古迹,而且以形诸文字的题刻占绝大部分。这些题刻,很多是著名文学家撰写的各类文学作品。就其文体类型而言,有颂、铭、碑、记、赋、诗等;就其纪实性而言,主要是纪人物、纪事件、纪胜迹、纪游历;就其艺术性而言,主要体现叙事性、抒情性、议论性。