Especial skill vs. quiet eye duration in basketball free throw: Evidence for the inhibition of competing task solutions

Abstract

The quiet eye (QE) is a gaze phenomenon that has been studied over more than two decades. However, the underlying mechanisms of the well-known expertise effect, namely, longer QE durations in experts when compared to less-skilled athletes remain unclear. Therefore, from a functional perspective, an inhibition hypothesis was proposed that explains long QE durations in experts with increased inhibition requirements over movement parametrisation. This hypothesis was tested by making use of the especial-skill effect in basketball free throw which refers to the observation of higher actual performance than would be predicted on the basis of performance at the nearby locations. In line with the expectations, from the distance of the free-throw line, higher actual than predicted shooting accuracy and longer actual than predicted QE duration were revealed. This suggests that when performing free throws prolonged QE durations are required to shield the optimal against alternative task solutions within the very dense sub-space of this especial skill. These findings suggest an inhibition function of long QE durations in expert athletes.     

Effects of starting score-line,game location,and quality of opposition in basketball quarter score

Abstract

In several team sports, the game starting score-line may be understood as a measure of performance accomplishment and hence might have an effect on players' subsequent efforts. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of the starting score-line, game location, and quality of opposition on basketball game quarter final score. The sample comprised 504 game quarters from the Spanish Basketball Professional League and these were classified as balanced (difference in scores equal of 8 points or less, n=194) and unbalanced (difference in scores of more than 8 points, n=310) using k-means cluster procedures. The effects of the predictor variables on game quarter outcome (difference between points scored and points received) in the whole game and in the second, third, and fourth game quarters were analysed using linear regression analysis. The starting game quarter score-line was only significant in unbalanced situations with very similar effects among different game quarters. The greater the difference in accumulated score at the beginning of each quarter, the more points recovered by the teams who were losing. A small effect from the quality of the opponent was found in the second and third quarters, whereas game location only had an effect when analysing the whole game and second quarter using balanced and unbalanced game quarters combined.     

One for One: A Defense of Pitcher Retaliation in Baseball

Baseball rules prohibit pitchers from intentionally throwing at batters. When a pitcher does so, however, it is common practice for a pitcher on the opposing team to retaliate by throwing at the first player of the offending team to bat the next inning, and for umpires to ignore the rule forbidding that. I argue that (1) player retaliation in the form of one for one is a better response to the initial violation than any other that is available, (2) one for one can be justified as payback and for anticipated good consequences, and (3) everyone who becomes a professional baseball player has consented to the practice. From these claims, I conclude that one for one is in the best interest of baseball, it is best if umpires follow common practice and wink at the rule forbidding it, and players cannot complain if they are told to throw at batters in certain circumstances, or are thrown at in just those circumstances.     

北京市水资源短缺风险等级评价与预测

本文利用1979年-2009年的北京市水资源相关数据,采用灰色关联分析方法筛选出主要水资源短缺风险因子;用模糊聚类分析法对水资源系列进行聚类;用灰色系统GM(1,1)法预测2010年-2015年的水资源短缺风险,将结果进行模糊聚类分析.结果表明,降雨量、常住人口、第三产业及生活等其它用水量与北京市水资源短缺的关联度较大.在1999年之前,北京市水资源风险主要处于中等以及较低的等级.1999年之后,北京市的水资源风险基本处于较高的等级.在丰水年条件下,2010年-2015年北京市水资源风险处于较低等级;在平水年处于中等等级;在枯水年和极端枯水年,将处于较高风险甚至高风险等级.2014年后,南水北调工程引水入京将有效缓解水资源短缺状况,使水资源短缺的风险降低一个等级.     

平谷区农村居民点用地的时空特征及优化布局研究

农村居民点的优化布局必须在分析现状的基础上,按照农村产业发展规划目标,针对不同类型进行分类调控,科学评价农村居民点的综合发展潜力是村庄量化分类的基础,也是协调推进村庄整治的关键所在.本文以北京市平谷区为例,利用2004年、2009年土地利用现状数据库,研究了平谷区2009年农村居民点空间分布特征及2004年-2009年间居民点用地的变化情况.结合山区和平原区的不同发展条件,分别制定山区和平原区农村居民点的综合发展潜力评价指标体系,运用GIS的地理空间分析功能,对评价要素的空间叠加、计算,评价村庄的综合发展潜力.并将评价结果与城镇发展规划相结合,针对农村居民点用地的区位条件,提出居民点用地调控的类型及区域产业发展布局的方向.研究结果体现了土地利用的现状及适宜性,对推进农村居民点整理具有一定的指导意义.     

一种企业研发团队复杂网络平台体系架构

针对现有复杂网络软件难以支撑企业研发团队分析的问题,建立一个灵活、可扩展的关系网络的展示环境和可视化分析环境,提炼出研发团队复杂网络映射方案、表示方案,通过特征指标关联反映研发团队复杂网络的内在本质,形成以行为为准则的复杂网络动态演化机制,为企业研发团队的复杂网络分析提供一个具有复杂网络建模、分析展示系统、指标特征关联、网络动态演化4个层面的专业平台架构。     

一种基于“PERFORM”的团队绩效评价新体系

在对团队绩效评价研究文献综述的基础上,从一个新的视角,即从团队的"PERFORM"特征出发,构建7个评价维度27个具体评价指标的团队评价新体系。依据新体系,运用层次分析方法,给出一个团队评价的应用实例。     

高职物流管理专业“双元”师资团队建设探索——以健雄职业技术学院为例

在借鉴德国双元制的基础上,对＂双元＂师资团队的内涵进行界定,对高职物流管理专业师资团队的现状进行了分析.以健雄职业技术学院为例,对物流管理专业＂双元＂师资团队建设的实践进行了探索,对物流管理专业＂双元＂师资团队建设的成效进行了概括.     

北京奥运会经济价值开发模式与实证研究

基于奥运会经济价值开发研究对奥运会健康、可持续发展有着重要意义。运用文献资料、专家访谈、数理统计、对比分析与逻辑分析等研究方法并依据节事理论对北京奥运会经济开发模式进行了深入研究。研究表明：北京奥运会经济价值在宏观层面表现为奥运会对北京市及全国经济增长起到直接的拉动作用、促进了北京经济结构的调整、刺激了北京的就业结构调整、并全面提升了北京的城市品牌;微观层面主要表现在促进北京奥运会相关产业和我国体育产业的快速发展等方面;而北京奥运会经济价值开发实践主要包括北京奥运会与赞助、北京奥运会与转播权、北京奥运会与特许权、北京奥运会与门票销售和北京奥运会旅游经济价值开发等方面。为南京青奥会的成功举办提供参考与借鉴。     

中国男篮第30届奥运会比赛能力分析

采用文献资料法、录象观察法、数理统计法和比较分析法对第30届伦敦奥运会男篮比赛进行研究,为中国男篮运动水平的提高提供理论依据．结果表明：中国男篮水平严重下滑,比赛综合能力排名D级．中国男篮急需有针对性的训练来缩短与世界强队的距离．