公共健康视角下的电子竞技发展趋势研究

电子竞技(E-sports)已经成为当代发展最快,且最重要的文化现象之一。国家体育总局于2003年将它列为第99个运动项目,又在2011年再次将电子竞技改为正式比赛项目。电子竞技从运动员、观众和经济价值而言,是一个不断发展的产业,而且它将被列入2024年巴黎奥运会。虽然最初主要是年轻男性对电子竞技感兴趣,但电子竞技有可能在更广泛的用户群体中带来健康行为的改变。本文运用文献资料法,对比分析法和逻辑分析法探讨电子竞技在整个生命周期内影响健康行为以及一些主要困境的解决措施。除此之外,电子竞技将有可能帮助于个人改变其体育活动和健康行为。最后考虑到电子竞技的指数增长,对于学者和政策制定者来说,认识到电子竞技带来的机遇是非常重要的。     

‘Who is zooming who’? A study of young PE-students in their figurations

The article presents an analysis of 93 essays written in an upper secondary school context. The essays were collected in relation to a larger research project, which went on for 5 years in a Danish upper secondary school (2010–2015). The material represents both genders and the students are 15–17 years old. We deploy a theoretical framework taken from Norbert Elias’ notion on established-outsider relations [Elias, N., &; Scotson, J. L. (1994 [1965]). The established and the outsiders. London: SAGE] as well as his use of personal pronouns [Elias, N. (1978). What is sociology? London: Hutchinson, Elias, N. (2001). The society of individuals. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group] in illustrating how people negotiate, position and navigate within figurational contexts [Elias, N. (1994 [1939]). The civilizing proces. Oxford: Blackwell.]. We do this in an effort to interpret how young people negotiate ‘we-I-relations’ when it comes to their sporting identity. Elias’ processual framework provides a tool for a much needed analysis of how young people continually orientate and develop their sense of selves. The web of human interdependencies and processes of change are key words when it comes to understanding the social practices and doings of the students’ constructions of self-steering. What social scientists may see as laziness and drop-outs of sports [Seippel, Ø. (2016). Prek, vekker og kjedelig? Trening og mening blant ungdom: 1985–2013. In Ø. Seippel, M. K. Sisjord, &; Å Strandbu (Eds.), Ungdom og Idrett. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk] can in the essays of students be analysed as a struggle for group connectedness and social inclusion in the classroom. The results of our research show that identity is a multiple concept and an ongoing process of emotional work [Elias, N. (1987). On human beings and their emotions: A process-sociological essay. Theory Culture Society, 4, 339–361], but also a power balance of playing and presenting what is imagined as the right performance as not being shamed as outcasts.     

The carbon footprint of active sport participants

Researchers examining carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions (carbon footprint) in sport have focused on sport events and, to a lesser extent, sport teams, but provided only average or aggregate values. The author takes the perspective of active sport participants and considers the heterogeneity of individual sport participation behavior. Using online surveys, adult active sport participants (n = 6537) in 20 different sports with main residence in Germany were asked to report their sport-travel behavior in 2015, including traveling in the context of regular (weekly) activity, sport competitions/tournaments, league games, day trips, and training camps/vacations. Annual carbon footprints were estimated using information about travel distances and transportation means. The results revealed an average annual carbon footprint of 844 kg of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions, with individual sports producing more emissions than team/racket sports. Participants in nature sports had the highest emission levels. Regression analyses revealed that environmental consciousness significantly reduced carbon footprint in individual sports, but not in team/racket and nature sports, supporting the existence of an environmental value-action gap. Activity years, club membership, weekly exercise hours, performance level, and income were mainly positively associated with annual carbon footprint, while gender was insignificant. The findings have implications for policy makers and managers in sport associations and clubs.     

Temporal trends in 6-minute walking distance for older Japanese adults between 1998 and 2017

BackgroundThe 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) is an excellent measure of both functional endurance and health. The primary aim of this study was to estimate temporal trends in 6MWD for older Japanese adults between 1998 and 2017; the secondary aim was to estimate concurrent trends in body size (i.e., height and mass) and self-reported participation in exercise/sport.MethodsAdults aged 65–79 years were included. Annual nationally representative 6MWD data (n = 103,505) for the entire period were obtained from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Temporal trends in means (and relative frequencies) were estimated at the gender–age level by best-fitting sample-weighted linear/polynomial regression models, with national trends estimated by a post-stratified population-weighting procedure. Temporal trends in distributional variability were estimated as the ratio of coefficients of variation.ResultsBetween 1998 and 2017 there was a steady, moderate improvement in mean 6MWD (absolute = 45 m (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 43–47); percent = 8.0% (95%CI: 7.6%–8.4%); effect size = 0.51 (95%CI: 0.48–0.54)). Gender- and age-related temporal differences in means were negligible. Variability in 6MWD declined substantially (ratio of coefficients of variation = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.87–0.92), with declines larger for women compared to men, and for 75–79-year-olds compared to 65–74-year-olds. Correspondingly, there were moderate and negligible increases in mean height and mass, respectively, and negligible increases in the percentage who participated in exercise/sport at least 3 days per week and at least 30 min per session.ConclusionThere has been a steady, moderate improvement in mean 6MWD for older Japanese adults since 1998, which is suggestive of corresponding improvements in both functional endurance and health. The substantial decline in variability indicates that the temporal improvement in mean 6MWD was not uniform across the distribution. Trends in 6MWD are probably influenced by corresponding trends in body size and/or participation in exercise/sport.     

浅析初唐四杰文论

"初唐四杰"王、杨、卢、骆不仅对六朝文学遗风进行了批判,而且在实践创作中进行了文学变革,并形成了自己的创作论,发唐诗之始音。     

衡水湖国家级自然保护区湿地景观格局演变分析

基于1987年、1997年和2005年3期TM遥感数据,对衡水湖的湿地景观空间格局及其演变进行分析,结果表明：该区域以农田为景观基质,水体和芦苇沼泽交错分布构成区域湿地生境的主体斑块,其余景观类型呈以小尺度斑块散布于区域中。保护区湿地景观改变较明显,湿地由1987年的20.2%上升到1997年的23.4%,2005年占到22.3%,农田向湿地类型的转变最为显著,农田和湿地类型之间的动态转换关系很大程度上决定了保护区土地利用结构和景观格局的演变。从景观类型水平来看,表现为水体的平均斑块面积增加,由1987年的3.5187hm²减到1997年的2.0187hm²到2005年为4.3997hm²,破碎度指数下降;聚合度指数和最大斑块指数先降后升,而连接度指数先增后减;芦苇沼泽平均斑块面积下降明显,由1987年的2.6169hm²降到1997年的0.5437hm²,到2005年为0.3558hm²,且形状日趋复杂自然,最大斑块指数和聚合度指数持续减少,而连接度指数的变化趋势则相反,但总体上芦苇沼泽沼泽小面积斑块数量仍占相当比例,破碎化程度仍维持较高水平。在景观整体水平上,保护区的景观多样性和均匀度指数呈缓慢上升趋势,破碎化指数由1987年的51.068增到1997年的74.0985后2005年减为37.88,以农田为景观基质的蔓延度指数则先降后升。景观格局分析表明,衡水湖保护区湿地面积逐步恢复,破碎化程度降低且景观日趋多样化,连通性虽不及1987年历史最高水平却呈加强趋势,湿地生境质量得到优化,2005年湿地恢复的景观格局的空间配置达到3个时期的历史最高水平,也体现了保护区规划管理取得一定成效。     

统计降尺度法分析太湖流域未来气候变化情景

大气环流模型(GCMs)预测的气候变化情景,需通过降尺度处理得出区域尺度上未来气候变化的时空分布信息,才能满足气候变化对资源、环境和社会经济等影响进行评估的需要。本文简单介绍了目前降尺度模式的研究现状,重点分析了统计降尺度的优缺点及适用性,并应用太湖流域7个气象站点基准期(1961年～1990年)日最高气温和最低气温实测资料,对统计降尺度模型(SDSM)进行率定和验证,确定模型应用的预报因子变量,建立未来3个时期(2020s、2050s和2080s)的气温变化情景。结果表明,SDSM模型对于太湖流域日最高气温和最低气温的模拟效果较好,可以很好地模拟太湖流域未来的气温变化。与基准期相比,A2、B2情景下,太湖流域未来3个时期的日最高和最低气温变化情景都表现出明显的上升趋势,且随时间推移增幅明显增大;流域未来3个时期气温的季节变化较为明显,其中冬季增温最显著,秋季次之,春季和夏季变化相对较小。分析成果可为太湖流域未来气候变化情景的构建提供科学依据,以期为决策支持部门提供参考。     

农村社会纠纷解决机制的变迁研究

中国农村社会由传统向现代蜕变的过程中其纠纷日益复杂化,与之相应的纠纷解决机制也逐渐多元化。同时,作为正式纠纷解决机制的国家法律制度在当今的农村社会纠纷解决过程发挥着越来越重要的作用。国家法律与传统的纠纷解决模式共同建构了当下中国农村社会中的纠纷解决的多元机制。     

促进身体锻炼行为的阶段性改变理论研究述评

身体锻炼行为转变的研究源自促进个体健康的研究,身体锻炼行为研究是健康促进研究的一个重要领域。促进身体锻炼行为的研究是这一领域的重要内容。为了解释身体活动行为或者为了说明身体锻炼行为受哪些因素影响,研究人员提出了一些身体锻炼行为的理论模型,行为的阶段性改变理论是其中重要的理论之一。行为的阶段性改变模式把行为阶段和过程的概念应用到为了行为的改变而设计的可变程序活动中。这些阶段通过一系列修正行为的活动与行为改变联系在一起,认为修正行为的活动过程就是行为改变的过程。