Blood lactate response and critical speed in swimmers aged 10–12 years of different standards

It has previously been shown that measurement of the critical speed is a non-invasive method of estimating the blood lactate response during exercise. However, its validity in children has yet to be demonstrated. The aims of this study were: (1) to verify if the critical speed determined in accordance with the protocol of Wakayoshi et al. is a non-invasive means of estimating the swimming speed equivalent to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·l^-1 in children aged 10-12 years; and (2) to establish whether standard of performance has an effect on its determination. Sixteen swimmers were divided into two groups: beginners and trained. They initially completed a protocol for determination of speed equivalent to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·l^-1. Later, during training sessions, maximum efforts were swum over distances of 50, 100 and 200 m for the calculation of the critical speed. The speeds equivalent to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·l^-1 (beginners = 0.82±0.09 m·s^-1 , trained = 1.19±0.11 m·s^-1; mean±s) were significantly faster than the critical speeds (beginners = 0.78±0.25·s^-1 , trained = 1.08±0.04 m·s^-1) in both groups. There was a high correlation between speed at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·l^-1 and the critical speed for the beginners (r = 0.96, P ? 0.001), but not for the trained group (r = 0.60, P > 0.05). The blood lactate concentration corresponding to the critical speed was 2.7±1.1 and 3.1±0.4 mmol·l^-1 for the beginners and trained group respectively. The percent difference between speed at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·l^-1 and the critical speed was not significantly different between the two groups. At all distances studied, swimming performance was significantly faster in the trained group. Our results suggest that the critical speed underestimates swimming intensity corresponding to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·l^-1 in children aged 10-12 years and that standard of performance does not affect the determination of the critical speed.     

Heart rate and match analysis in pre-pubescent soccer players

The aim of this study was to compare match analysis (using video recordings) and the physiological load (heart rate measured every 5s, blood lactate measured after the warm-up, first half and second half) of six 11-year-old soccer players during official games of eleven-a-side on a regular-sized pitch (100×65m) and of seven-a-side on a smaller pitch (60×40m). In both games, heart rate exceeded 170 beats·min-1 84% of the time, while blood lactate ranged from 1.4 to 8.1 mmol·l-1 . No significant differences were recorded for the physiological parameters. For both matches, walking comprised 38% of total time, running 55%, inactivity 3% and jumping 3%. Although there were no significant differences between halves or matches, running for less than 10s was 10% more frequent in the seven-a-side game. In the seven-a-side game, there were significantly more passes and significantly fewer tackles, suggesting that seven-a-side matches played on smaller pitches may be more suitable for pre-pubescent soccer players.     

Passing,Protesting, and the Arts of Resistance: Infiltrating the Ritual Space of Blood Donation

This essay critically engages challenges made against the federally mandated deferral policies which prohibit “men who have sex with other men” from donating blood. I argue that “passing” and “protest” are dialogically dependent on one another as two separate but related tactics of resistance. Drawing on interview materials from men who have both “passed” and “protested,” the essay explores the implications of this dialogical tension for understanding stranger-relationality, enacting civic identity, and disciplining queer bodies.     

Effects of insulin, glimepiride and combination therapy of insulin and metformin on blood sugar and lipid profile of NIDDM patients

In the present study the efficacies of therapy with insulin, sulphonylurea or insulin + metformin on NIDDM patients are compared. One group which was on a definite dose of insulin therapy, but with uncontrolled diabetes was treated by doubling the insulin dose, a second group whose diabetes was not controlled by glibenclamide was switched over to another sulphonylurea viz; glimepiride and a third group whose diabetes was not controlled by insulin therapy was switched over to a combination therapy with insulin +metformin. After recording their initial blood parameters all the groups were treated as above for 3 months, and the parameters were again determined. The fasting blood sugar and serum lipids of the first group were controlled significantly, but the values were far above normal range. However HDL Cholesterol and atherogenic index were near normal range. In glimepiride treated group, none of the parameters showed any amelioration. In the combined therapy group, control of blood sugar and atherogenic index was more or less the same as for group 1, but hyperlipidemia remained slightly above that of the same. From the findings we can infer that in long term diabetes treatment higher doses of insulin and combined therapy with insulin and metformin may be more beneficial than with low doses of insulin or sulfonyl urea alone     

从“无意识”到“血性意识”——论劳伦斯对弗洛伊德学说的继承与超越

D.H.劳伦斯与西格蒙德·弗洛伊德都致力于探索人类心灵的无意识领域,强调性欲在人本性中的作用.本文探讨劳伦斯与弗洛伊德学说的承继关系,指出劳伦斯的一些见解虽受惠于弗洛伊德,但劳伦斯是一位具有独创性的文学家,他的思想远比弗洛伊德的激进.     

曾巩的宗法观

曾巩的宗法观在他擅长的散文创作中有多方面的体现,总的来看是尊古尚《礼》,主张以古之《礼》作为现代宗法制度的标准。具体表现为：大宗观念,亲亲观念,主和尚中和重家族血统的宗法观念。     

Influence of pranayamas and yoga-asanas on serum insulin,blood glucose and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes

A distinguishable feature of type 2 diabetes besides hyperglycemia and deranged lipid profile is an impaired insulin secretion, peripheral insulin resistance and obesity which has become a major health concern worldwide. India with an estimated 31million diabetics in 2000 and 79mllions by the yr 2030 has the highest number of type 2 diabetics in the world. In this study, we aimed to see if yoga-asanas and pranayamas have any influence in modifying certain biochemical parameters. Sixty patients of uncomplicated type 2 diabetes (age 35–60 yrs of 1–10 yrs duration) were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=30): performed yoga along with the conventional hypoglycemic medicines and group 2 (n=30): patients who only received conventional medicines. Duration of the study was 45 days. Basal recordings of blood glucose (fasting and post-prandial), lipid profile and serum insulin were taken at the time of recruitment and the second reading after forty five days. Results showed a significant improvement in all the biochemical parameters in group 1 while group 2 showed significant improvement in only few parameters, thus suggesting a beneficial effect of yoga regimen on these parameters in diabetic patients.     

论我国工科大学生素质教育的三大构成

针对我国高等工科教育的培养目标,提出了文化构成是素质教育的基础;专业知识构成是素质教育的关键及能力构成是素质教育的体现等三要素。     

一枝黄花属植物的化学成分和生物活性研究进展

随着外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花在我国的迅速泛滥危害,有关该属植物研究逐渐增多,但对一枝黄花属植物的化学及其生物活性尚缺乏系统研究,本文对该属植物中的多炔、二萜、三萜、三萜皂苷、酚类、植物精油等化学组分,及其利尿、消炎、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗氧化、杀虫、化感等生物活性的研究概况进行总结,旨在为今后综合利用该属植物资源提供参考。     

Discriminant factors for adolescent sexual offending: On the usefulness of considering both victim age and sibling incest

Understanding the pathways and circumstances of juvenile sexual offending is of utmost importance. However, juvenile sexual offenders (JSO) represent an especially diverse group of individuals, and several categorizations have been proposed to obtain more homogeneous subgroups. Victim age-based and family relation-based categorizations are particularly promising because they seem theoretically and clinically relevant. Empirical results however are still inconsistent, and most studies have not considered these two dimensions jointly. The first goal of this study was to further examine the value of subgrouping JSO according to the age of their victim. A second goal was to determine the supplementary value, if any, of considering sibling incest. Based on a sample of 351 male JSO, it was first confirmed that sexual abuse of children was more strongly related to asociality (social skill deficits) than sexual abuse of peers, the latter being more closely associated with antisociality (general delinquency). The relevance of considering mixed-type JSO (with both child and peer victims) separately was also confirmed. More importantly, multivariate statistical analyses demonstrated that adding sibling incest to the equation was useful. JSO of intra-familial child were significantly more likely to have been victimized during their own childhood compared to JSO with extra-familial victims. Nevertheless, adolescents who had committed sibling incest obtained middle ground results on most variables (except for crime severity), suggesting that they constitute a distinct but not extreme, subgroup. This study confirmed the utility of using both the age and the family relation with the victim in characterizing juvenile sexual offending.