Influence of upright versus time trial cycling position on determination of critical power and W′ in trained cyclists

Body position is known to alter power production and affect cycling performance. The aim of this study was to compare mechanical power output in two riding positions, and to calculate the effects on critical power (CP) and W′ estimates. Seven trained cyclists completed three peak power output efforts and three fixed-duration trial (3-, 5- and 12-min) riding with their hands on the brake lever hoods (BLH), or in a time trial position (TTP). A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that mean power output during the 5-min trial was significantly different between BLH and TTP positions, resulting in a significantly lower estimate of CP, but not W′, for the TTP trial. In addition, TTP decreased the performance during each trial and increased the percentage difference between BLH and TTP with greater trial duration. There were no differences in pedal cadence or heart rate during the 3-min trial; however, TTP results for the 12-min trial showed a significant fall in pedal cadence and a significant rise in heart rate. The findings suggest that cycling position affects power output and influences consequent CP values. Therefore, cyclists and coaches should consider the cycling position used when calculating CP.     

‘Tidy,toned and fit’: locating healthism within elite athlete programmes

Coaches and athletes have been increasingly inundated with power related ‘truths’ about their bodies, health and performance as they construct their subjectivities. Over the last couple of decades in New Zealand, schools have initiated elite athlete programmes (EAPs) for a select few students based primarily on their athletic ability and fitness levels. Drawing on Gore's techniques of power, my study investigated how healthism and the cult of the body discourses were (re)produced, negotiated and resisted by coaches and elite athletes and how body pedagogies defined and shaped bodies in two high school EAPs. My analysis suggested that ‘toned and fit’ bodies signified responsible athletes compared to ‘fat’ bodies and that elite athletes disciplined their bodies to overcome pain to remain productive. In both EAPs, power circulated at the micro-level of pedagogical practice to normalise and monitor the athletes’ diet, body weight and shape, and reinforced tensions between prudentialism and hedonism.     

Do the physical and environment PETTLEP elements predict sport imagery ability?

The present study aimed to examine whether physical and environment elements of PETTLEP imagery relate to the ability to image five types of sport imagery (i.e. skill, strategy, goal, affect and mastery). Two hundred and ninety participants (152 males, 148 females; M_age?=?20.24 years, SD?=?4.36) from various sports completed the Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ), and a set of items designed specifically for the study to assess how frequently participants incorporate physical (e.g. ‘I make small movements or gestures during the imagery’) and environment (e.g. ‘I image in the real training/competition environment’) elements of PETTLEP imagery. Structural equation modelling tested a hypothesised model in which imagery priming (i.e. the best fitting physical and environment elements) significantly and positively predicted imagery ability of the different imagery types (skill, β?=?0.38; strategy, β?=?0.23; goal, β?=?0.21; affect, β?=?0.25; mastery, β?=?0.22). The model was a good fit to the data: χ² (174)?=?263.87, p?<?.001, CFI?=?.96, TLI?=?.95, SRMR?=?.09, RMSEA?=?0.05 (90% CI?=?0.03–0.05). Findings displayed that priming imagery with physical and environment elements is associated with better skill, strategy, goal, affect and mastery imagery ability. The findings extend models of imagery use by indicating that how athletes images may influence their imagery ability.     

Physical Inactivity,Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes: An Evolutionary Perspective

Physical inactivity (and unhealthy nutrition) has distorted body composition and, in turn, reordered the proportions of myocyte and adipocyte insulin receptors. Insulin acting on adipocyte receptors produces less glucose uptake than does comparable interaction with myocyte receptors. Accordingly, in individuals with disproportionate muscle/fat composition, any given glucose load requires greater-than-normal pancreatic insulin secretion for adequate disposal. This hyperinsulinemia then becomes the leading cause of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as insulin-sensitive tissues become desensitized. Because T2DM is rooted in potentially reversible lifestyle factors, rather than focusing on the intricacies of glucoregulation at the molecular level and on testing new drugs to control blood sugar, this article calls for a new prevention and treatment paradigm, in which exercise and weight control are essential and for which an inexpensive and acceptably accurate measure of body muscle and fat proportions is needed.     

Girls’ bodily activities in physical education How current fitness and sport discourses influence girls’ identity construction

Girls’ identity constructions are influenced by the dominant sport, health and beauty discourses in their society. Recent research indicates that sport and health discourses embedded in physical education (PE) compete for influence. Some of these studies have illustrated how these discourses inform girls’ social construction of body ideals and femininities, as well as their choices among physical activities. Our purpose in posing the question, ‘How are girls’ identity construction in PE influenced by current fitness and sport discourses?’ is to explore their identity construction and how they negotiate within the PE discourse as embodied subjects, as well as how they use their body as an object of display. This study is based on fieldwork among 10th grade students (15-year-olds) in a school in Oslo, Norway. The methods used include participant observation, informal conversations with the students and two group interviews. We hope that our findings concerning how sport and fitness discourses influence the students’ concepts of both the ideal body and their choices among bodily activities in PE will contribute to the debate on the future of PE. In particular, the girls’ embrace of the fitness discourse in PE is relevant to a question of great current concern: How should schools and PE teachers meet and relate to the fitness discourse in contemporary society? We believe that if left unchallenged and permitted to deepen its influence on PE, this discourse may well ensure that body modification becomes the primary purpose of PE.     

浅析运动员专项身体素质与专项技术的辩证关系

通过对专项身体素质和专项技术的概念、特点,从训练学角度阐述了专项身体素质和专项技术的辩证关系。     

增强高校武术教学魅力的对策研究

文章针对目前高校里选修武术的学生日益减少的实际情况,运用文献资料法和专家访谈法,提出了一些增强高校武术教学魅力的对策:强化武术的文化内涵;改革武术的教学内容、方法及考试制度;提高武术教师的整体素质;改善武术的教学条件;拓展武术的教学交流空间,以此来吸引更多的学生学习武术。     

竞技健美操女子单人项目难度动作发展趋势研究

对第9届世界健美操锦标赛女单前3名运动员成套动作中难度动作的编排、类别、完成率以及根命名进行分析研究,结果表明：（1）世锦赛优秀女单运动员在难度动作编排分值、难度类别、完成率及根命名上一致性程度较高;大部分难度集中在0．5～O．7之间,高分值（≥0．8）难度已演变为优秀运动员难度分值提高的着眼点;难度动作以C类组别为主,均衡发展体能各子因素是运动员难度动作合理化的关键所在;高难度动作的掌握不够稳定,运动员专项体能有待加强;动作根命名较为集中,针对性体能训练已成为个性化难度发展的突破口;（2）优化运动员体能结构,使各体能因子能够达到最佳匹配是难度动作得以全面发展的关键。     

BMI对黑龙江省普通高校学生体质健康的影响因素分析

运用文献资料、测试等方法对黑龙江省8所高校中部分大学生的体质指数(BMI)和大学生体质健康标准测试成绩进行分析研究。结果显示:大学生体质指数分布曲线呈"细峰右尾"型,BMI值基本分布在18.5~24之间,但有相当数量的超重或肥胖的学生。BMI偏低或偏高的学生的身体素质明显低于BMI正常的学生;BMI偏高的学生又低于BMI偏低的学生身体素质。BMI异常都可能会使学生的身体素质下降,BMI偏高的主要影响是使学生的耐力素质、速度素质、相对肌肉力量素质的下降,BMI偏低会使学生的力量素质和柔韧性下降。     

寻回身体的记忆：清末民初女子体育教育的身体社会学读解

清末民初,女性的身体被一场关乎国家民族生死存亡的危机抬进了历史的前台。以国族利益为名,对“女子”的身体进行了改造,以致近代女子体育教育的勃兴。通过选取这个独具身体社会学意涵的历史切片,对女性通过接受体育教育、自觉萌发身体意识,以及国家通过建立对新的身体规训制度重塑“新女性”的转折期进行纵深考量。本研究主要采用文献资料法和逻辑分析法,得到以下结论：教会女子学校和国人自办学校是女子体育发生、发展的两个主要阵地,国家通过制度设计、教科书编撰和师资培养予以制度保障。大多数女子们的身体由身困家中到身为国有、身为国用,渐入身心分离之境地。