Beyond learning by doing: an exploration of critical incidents in outdoor leadership education

This paper argues that outdoor leader education and training is characterized by the development of procedural skills at the expense of crucial but usually ignored non-technical skills (e.g. contextualized decision-making and reflection). This risks producing practitioners with a potentially unsophisticated awareness of the holistic outdoor environment impeding the development of links between theory and practice. This paper analyses the application of critical incident theory to a study of undergraduates in a UK outdoor leadership degree programme in order to examine the processes of developing non-technical reflective skills in the students. The study examines a range of critical incidents in a purposive homogeneous sample of students who were asked to identify and reflect on critical incidents in practice settings of their own choice. These settings spanned from the United Kingdom to remote locations overseas. Qualitative data analysis was carried out using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The findings indicated that outdoor leadership programmes need to develop a broader and holistic skills base rather than concentrate on primarily physical and technical skills. A focus on the critical incident method early in education has the potential to equip practitioners with the holistic and complex set of skills required in the contemporary outdoor workplace.     

从挫折及其反应的角度分析"二·二八"事件的起因

台湾光复后,台胞对"帮助"其结束日本殖民主义残酷统治的国民党表示热烈欢迎.人民盼望从此恢复自由,与大陆同胞共享安康.可是,莅台的国民政府采取的带歧视性的用人制度、专卖制度使行政长官公署制,使台胞感到与日统治有着惊人相似,加之政府官员的贪污腐化使人民生活恶化比日据时期更甚.台湾民众对国民党政府大失所望,心怀当家作主人美好希望的广大台湾同胞的心灵受到了意外的打击和挫伤.台胞受挫后的反应之一就是反击,把矛头直指国民党当局,从而诱发了"二·二八"事件.     

缩减样本空间在条件概率计算中的应用

条件概率是“概率论与数理统计”中重要而又基本的概念之一．归纳了条件概率的计算方法,给出了缩减样本空间计算条件概率的分析思路和计算方法,这些分析思路和计算方法,有利于学生掌握．对条件概率的教学、理解和应用有一定的指导意义．     

椭圆偏振仪测量薄膜折射率及周期厚度解的分析

运用Mathematica,通过最优化理论开发迭代程序,计算SiO2、ZrO薄膜的折射率和单周期及多周期厚度,并与其他方法的计算结果进行对比分析,表明此方法计算结果可以达到较高的精度。通过分析椭偏参数和薄膜厚度的关系可知,一定厚度的薄膜材料存在一个最佳入射角,在该角度下测得的薄膜厚度具有最高的精度。     

食品安全监管过程中的多方博弈与集体失灵——以毒豆角事件为例

论文以毒豆角事件为例,利用博弈理论对政府体系中存在的多方博弈现象进行分析,解释各级政府在食品监管领域中集体失灵现象出现的原因。从豆角的生产流通环节人手,分析基层监管部门、农产品生产者及收购商、农药销售方等多个利益相关者在此过程中的多方博弈和行为选择。在分析的基础上,对食品安全问题的解决提出一些政策建议。     

试论美国在珍珠港事件中惨败的原因

由于太平洋战争前美国对日本战略判断失误、美国决策层对重要情报忽视及孤立主义势力对罗斯福政府进行阻挠,最终导致了美国在珍珠港事件中的惨败。     

精确确定动态Kerr黑洞事件视界的新方法

通过利用零曲面方程，给出了动态Kerr黑洞事件视界的精确位置。     

单轴孪晶界面上的最大负折射角

Using the Maxwell's equations,we carry out theoretical analysis on the maximum incident and refractive angles at which negative refraction can be realized at the interfaces associated with conventional uniaxial media.In the numerical analysis,the largest incident and refractive angles at which refraction arises are obtained by optimizing directions of the optical axis of the uniaxial bicrystal.Meanwhile,the optical parameters of the ordinary uniaxial bicrystals (including homogeneity- junction and heterogeneity-junction) are given,and some representative laser wavelengths,the largest incident and refractive angles are obtained.The relation between the largest incident angles (or refractive angles) and refractive index is also discussed.     

情景模拟在麻醉科危急事件处理教学中的应用和探讨

如何提高规培生的教学质量和教学效果一直是困扰临床一线教师的难题,医学生的毕业后教育特别是危急事件的教学,往往存在真实病例过少、教学过程时间不足、“亲自动手”机会不多等问题。目前医学生毕业后教育或者住院医师规培主要仍以理论教学、师徒模式、经验模式为主,这些模式在一定程度上能够培养出合格的麻醉医生,但是有些培训后的医生往往存在处理危急事件经验不足和团队协作能力欠缺的情况。经过不断探索情景模拟教学模式,既能贴近临床,又可以不断重复教学,可有效解决临床危急事件教学例数不足的难题。     

天京事变杨秀清"逼封万岁"说考谬

有关天京事变中杨秀清“逼封万岁”说法的直接根据并不充分。杨秀清向洪秀全“逼封万岁”的情节不合情理。相反是洪秀全炮制了扬秀清“逼封万岁”的政治谣言,策划了对杨秀清的政治谋杀。