“This is the Whiteman’s Law”: Aboriginal resistance,bureaucratic change and the Census of Canada, 1830–2006

Census information of some form has been collected in Canada since the 1611 census of New France. Aboriginal people, identified or not, have been included in these enumerations. The collection of this information has had a profound impact on Aboriginal people and has been an element that has shaped their relationship with the dominant society. In response, Canadian Aboriginal people have often resisted and refused to co-operate with census takers and their masters. This article is an examination of this phenomenon focused on the censuses conducted in the post-Confederation period to the present. A census is made to collect information on populations and individuals that can then be used to configure and shape social and political relations between those being enumerated and the creators of the census. However, the human objects of the census are not just passive integers and they have resisted its creation in a number of ways, including being “missing” when the census is taken, refusing to answer the questions posed by enumerators or even driving them off Aboriginal territory. A census identifies elements of the social order and attempts to set them in their “proper” place and those who do not wish to be part of that order may refuse to take part. Archivists and historians must understand that the knowledge gained in a census is bound with the conditions of own creation. This has been noted by contemporary Aboriginal researchers who often state that the archival record of their people often distorts history and reflects the ideas and superficial observations of their Euro-Canadian creators. Changes to the Census of Canada since 1981, have increased the participation rate and therefore changed the nature of the record.

从赋权自治到能力建构:加拿大原住民教育政策的新路向

在原住民运动的推动下,加拿大原住民教育政策确立了赋权自治的取向。但原住民教育依然面临挑战与困境,原住民缺乏担当和发展教育的现实能力。为此,加拿大政府和原住民采取了一系列新的策略、措施,以提升原住民能力为路向,积极完善教育政策,为原住民教育的发展提供本原性动力,以求从根本上综合解决原住民教育问题。     

Mental testing and educational streaming in Ontario and Denmark in the early twentieth century: a comparative and transnational perspective

ABSTRACT

This article compares and contrasts the use of mental testing and the formation of educational streaming in Denmark and Ontario during the interwar years. In this sense, the article adds nuances to the meaning of internationalism as well as contributing to our knowledge about how ideas of testing practices circulated among countries and continents. One way ideas and practices circulated was via informal networks promoted by the education traveller. Key proponents of mental testing in both Denmark and Ontario travelled to continental Europe, England, and the United States studying and observing the practices and institutional arrangements associated with educational streaming. Our main findings are that the processes used to implement mental testing in the two countries differed significantly. Mental testing was implemented much later in Denmark than in Ontario. This was due to different contextual, cultural, and historical factors that promoted changes to the existing system, or, alternatively, represented a barrier or even obstructed changes to it. Nevertheless, mental testing was implemented in both education systems as a relatively coherent technology rooted in transnational movements and exchange, but was attended by highly different practices and local meaning-making.     

美国和加拿大学徒制比较及对我国工学结合的启示

学徒制是美国和加拿大解决两国大规模青年就业问题的一种主要模式,主要体现在两国高等职业教育中高水平实用性人才的培养方面。比较发现,两国学徒制都能很好地把理论学习与岗位实习有机结合,满足各种岗位的人才需求。借鉴两国经验,我国工学结合人才培养模式应加强课程设计的灵活性,注重学习与培训的衔接性,为企业提供多种优惠,为学生提供多种资格认证。     

试论加拿大的工业化——兼论工业化道路的比较研究

加拿大的工业化道路,经历了从农商社会到工业化社会的转变,经历了殖民地时的前工业化时期、初级阶段、起飞时期,而后步入成熟工业化国家。其工业化特征表现为:在大宗产品出口阶段,加拿大工业化的依附性特征明显;铁路运输和现代交通手段的"引擎"作用;政府强有力的"国家政策"的扶持;借助美国的经济优势。加拿大的工业化道路既具有普遍性又具有符合本国情况的特殊性,值得进一步深入研究。     

法国和加拿大医师培养的差异及其社会历史原因

法国和加拿大在经济、政治、尤其是卫生保健体系等诸多领域有许多相似之处,但在医学教育体制上则有较为显著的差异,其主要原因可归结为两国的历史发展进程及民族价值观各不相同。从不同国家的社会、政治、历史的角度来分析比较其医学教育体制及教育过程的异同,对医学教育的国际合作、医学教育改革等有着非常重要的参考与借鉴作用。     

Cultural plan implementation and outcomes in Ontario,Canada

Since 2005 there has been a surge of cultural planning initiatives in Canada, especially in the Province of Ontario. However, very little research has been conducted in the more established cultural planning contexts of Australia, Great Britain and the United States let alone in Canada to support the assertions that underlie much of the movement's continued success. In particular, there has been an absence of research on the actual outcomes of the cultural planning strategy. This article examines whether the wide range of strategic goals presented in most cultural plans are being met. The method for assessing the effectiveness of cultural plans involved analyzing which strategic objectives were implemented as recorded in progress reports and as reported on by cultural planners. The research findings show that cultural plans are being effectively implemented and the majority of strategic goals contained within most cultural plans are being achieved. In addition, it is observed that the strategic objectives being implemented are not limited to traditional arts sector concerns.     

登上领奖台：加拿大冬奥备战的治理经验及其启示

为备战2010年温哥华冬奥会,加拿大联邦政府设计了“登上领奖台”战略,委托OTP组织负责财政援助的划拨和绩效管理。OTP组织采用“决策层—执行层”的双层治理架构,以“奖牌至上”为原则,创建了由“项目文化”“以往成绩”“夺牌潜力”“领先优势的可持续性”4个一级指标的协会分层分类资助制度,邀请国家奥委会和残奥委、国家运动项目协会、体育科研院所等利益相关者组成协同治理网络。通过梳理加拿大治理经验,建议我国当前的备战2022年北京冬奥工作,应重视“一臂之距”理念,明确政府在冬奥备战中的职责;尊重专业自治准则,锻炼社会力量成为竞技体育治理主体;改进绩效管理模式,优化冬奥备战财政资金的申请和使用程序;重视科学创新,促进体育智库组织网络化。     

A Hole in One: Sport and Environment

Abstract

Sport history is a subfield well positioned to involve and benefit from an interdisciplinary approach to historical actors and spaces. Through the use of personal research and teaching experiences that focuses on the intersection between environmental history and those of sport, this piece explores the value in such an interdisciplinary structure through the examples of researching golf courses as transnational sporting landscapes and of teaching sport and leisure cultures to a diverse student body with high levels of engagement.     

加拿大体育立法研究

加拿大有其独特的法律制度体系。从体育立法的历史沿革看,1961年制定的《健康与业余体育法》以及2003年修订的《身体锻炼与竞技运动法》,对鼓励、促进和发展身体锻炼和竞技运动起到积极作用。体育法的渊源主要包括判例法和制定法,此外,加拿大其他的许多法律法规中也对涉及体育的有关问题作出明确规定,促进了加拿大体育法体系的进一步完善。