When do students ask why? Examining the precursors and outcomes of causal search among first-year college students

It has been theorized that students are most likely to ask why following unexpected, negative, and/or important events (Weiner, 1985); however, the unique contribution of these precursors to causal search and the resultant cognitions, emotions, and behaviors remain largely unclear. In the current study we examined causal search regarding test outcomes among 371 first-year college students. Responses to hypothetical scenarios indicated that unexpected events, and unexpected/negative events in combination, would elicit the most causal search. Based on performance on an actual test, precursors measured prior to the test indicated negative test outcomes elicited the greatest causal search. Alternatively, precursors measured following the test indicated a similar pattern to the scenarios. In each instance, event importance was also found to positively predict casual search. Overall, the results suggest that the exclusion of relevant precursors, self-serving biases, and divergent methodologies may have resulted in the discrepancies of previous research on causal search precursors. Finally, students who engaged in more causal search made more ability, test difficulty, and luck attributions, fewer effort attributions, experienced less pride and more shame, guilt, regret, and anger, and received poorer grades. The internal/uncontrollable attributional pattern suggests that first-year college students who are at-risk of de-motivating cognitions, emotions, and behaviors could be supported with cognitive interventions such as attributional retraining.     

开发区闲置土地成因机制及类型划分

在实地调研、考察以及大量相关资料分析的基础上，阐述了我国开发区闲置土地的形成机制，并据此将开发区闲置土地划分为规划控制型、区位不理想、经济实力欠佳型、开发效益较低和技术支撑不够型等5种类型。再通过选取可能造成高新技术产业开发区和经济技术开发区土地闲置的10多个因子，运用因子分析法，分别将52个国家高新技术产业开发区和29个国家经济技术开发区划分为以上5种类型之一或2种类型结合的混合型，为开发区闲置土地合理利用与调整提供科学的参考依据。     

非平衡双轴失配应变对BST薄膜相图的影响

用朗道———德文希尔理论研究了非平衡双轴失配应变对单畴外延钛酸锶钡(BST)薄膜相变的影响,得到了室温下生长在四方基底上的BST50/50薄膜的“失配应变—失配应变”相图和能量图。结果表明在BST50/50薄膜中由于非平衡双轴失配应变的作用,出现了两个在平面内的四方铁电相,即:a1相(P1≠0,P2=P3=0)和a2相(P2≠0,P1=P3=0),而这在平衡失配应变下是不存在的。室温下,非平衡失配应变在一定范围内不能使BST50/50中的顺电相消失。     

当前我国社会乞讨现象产生和发展的原因分析

当前我国社会乞讨现象的形成是多种因素综合作用的结果,既有历史因素,又有现实因素;既有宏观因素,又有微观因素;既有政治经济因素,又有化心理因素;既有社会的原因,也有人性本身的原因。     

基于混合自适应的遗传工作流挖掘算法

针对遗传算法工作流挖掘容易过早收敛且局部寻优能力较差,导致得到的解不理想的情况,提出了一种基于混合遗传方法的工作流挖掘算法。该算法采用因果矩阵映射流程实例作为工作流模型的编码,在遗传算法的选择操作阶段采用锦标赛策略与精英保留策略相结合,在交叉变异阶段运用混合自适应方法,并结合模拟退火思想,使解的质量有了明显的提高。仿真实验表明,该算法与基于简单遗传方法的工作流挖掘算法相比效率更高。     

花岗岩结晶分离作用问题——关于花岗岩研究的思考之二

岩浆结晶分离作用是一个古老的话题,很早就有学者指出,地球内部生成的岩浆大多是玄武质岩浆,大多数花岗岩是由玄武岩结晶分离形成的.本文在考察了岩浆结晶分离作用的制约因素、比较了不同性质岩浆结晶分离作用的特征之后指出：玄武质岩浆可以发生结晶分离作用,因为有与其相关的堆晶岩产出;安山质岩浆也可以发生结晶分离作用,因为也有与其相关的堆晶岩产出.但是,花岗质岩浆似乎不大可能发生结晶分离作用,因为,很少见到有与（富硅的）花岗质岩浆相伴的堆晶岩产出.花岗质岩浆之所以不大可能发生结晶分离作用的原因在于：（1）岩浆的黏性大,它不仅阻滞了矿物的结晶作用（使斜长石不能发育为自形晶）,而且阻止了密度大的矿物（例如角闪石）下沉;（2）主要造岩矿物（例如斜长石）的密度与花岗质岩浆的密度相差无几,使结晶分离作用难以进行.本文详细考察了花岗质岩浆中斜长石的行为,指出在花岗质岩浆中斜长石结晶分离几乎是不可能的.那么,文献中大量充斥的花岗岩结晶分离作用的说法是依据什么呢？作者认为,文献中的许多说法可能主要是根据哈克图解得出的,而不是根据实际观察和理论研究得出的.作者认为,玄武岩和花岗岩不仅来源不同,成分不同,而且解释也不同.哈克图解中许多适合玄武岩的解释未必适合花岗岩.由于鲍文反应原理是结晶分离作用的理论基础,因此,文中也对鲍文反应原理进行了评述,并指出文献中存在的一些需要认真对待的问题,例如,从玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩的连续演化序列是不可能的;单元-超单元填图方法是不科学的;中国东部中生代大规模花岗岩不可能是玄武质岩浆结晶分离形成的等等.本文还以Ajaji et al.（1998）报道的摩洛哥Tanncherfi花岗岩为例,指出结晶分离作用的解释是不可能的.作者认为,花岗岩类的成分变化大,主要可能与源区组成、温度、压力、挥发分、部分熔融程度和过程、混合作用、岩浆分异及结晶分离作用有关.其中,源区组成可能是花岗岩多样性的最重要的原因,而结晶分离作用的影响可能是微乎其微的.本文认为,花岗岩结晶分离作用对于花岗岩成因的意义已经被大大地夸大了,我们应当重新思考结晶分离作用对于花岗质岩浆的意义.由于花岗岩的极端复杂性,许多问题还得不到比较合理的解释,本文的认识只是初步的.     

时空图对时钟佯谬诠释的应用

利用时空图对时钟佯谬命题中的三个论断作了全面诠释．     

Using Delphi and fuzzy DEMATEL for analyzing the intertwined relationships of the barriers of university technology transfer: Evidence from a developing economy

Universities are highly responsible for knowledge creation and technology development. However, university technology transfer (UTT) is considered a challenge in bringing innovative technologies for commercialization and community services. Thus, identifying the barriers and their complex interrelationships that hinder the successful implementation of UTT provides a better understanding of the process, which may be considered as inputs to crucial decision-making initiatives. While this approach is highly relevant in the domain field, it remains a point of departure in the current literature. This paper addresses this gap by holistically determining the UTT barriers and their intertwined relationships. Using the Delphi method and the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) to carry out this objective, a case study in a state university in the Philippines is presented in this work. Results show that lack of resources has the strongest causal relationship among the 24 UTT barriers. Whereas, poor marketing/technical/negotiation skills of technology transfer office obtained the highest impacts received and is categorized as the main net effect. These findings are intended to guide various stakeholders in understanding the influence of barriers in the formulation of strategies and initiatives to carry out effectively the UTT process.