Childhood adversity and the risk of substance use and delinquency: The role of protective adult relationships

Youth involved in the child welfare system experience multiple early adversities that can contribute to increased risk of substance use and delinquency. Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with poorer behavioral outcomes among youth, less is known about the possible protective factors that may influence the relationship between early adversity and risk-taking behavior. This study examined whether protective adult relationships moderated the link between cumulative ACEs and substance use and delinquency after controlling for demographic characteristics in child welfare-involved youth. The sample included 1054 youth, ages 11–17, from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II who were in the first wave of data collection. Results showed that protective adult relationships moderated the relationship between ACEs and substance use, but not for delinquency. Specifically, under lower levels of protective adult relationships, cumulative ACEs related to increased substance use among youth. Implications for child welfare practices to target youths' support systems are discussed.     

Exploring school exclusion through the perspective of child labourers living in Sultanbeyli,on the periphery of Istanbul,Turkey

This study employs a socio-ecological perspective to explore the impact of the community, school environment and personal circumstances of young people living in the squatter district of Sultanbeyli in Istanbul, Turkey, who have been excluded from school and who are working in very difficult conditions. The views explored in this paper are derived from semi-structured interviews that covered the reasons for their exclusion. The findings show that the elimination of poverty and the provision of universal education are linked and that one cannot be achieved without the other. The impact of poverty on the processes of school exclusion requires greater recognition, because it helps to perpetuate an intergenerational cycle of social and educational disadvantage. In the case of these young people from Sultanbeyli, the school system has failed to contribute to their inclusion; instead, it has further increased their marginal, disadvantaged position by unintentionally pushing them into the worst forms of child labour and criminality.     

Adult mental health outcomes of child sexual abuse survivors born at extremely low birth weight

The high prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) is concerning, particularly as survivors are at increased risk for multiple adverse outcomes, including poor mental health across the lifespan. Children born at an extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) and who experience CSA may be a group that is especially vulnerable to psychopathology later in life. However, no research has considered the mental health risks associated with being born at ELBW and experiencing CSA. In this study, we investigated the mental health of 179 ELBW survivors and 145 matched normal birth weight (NBW; >2500 g) participants at ages 22–26 and 29–36. At age 22–26, CSA was associated with increased odds of clinically significant internalizing (OR = 7.32, 95% CI: 2.31–23.23) and externalizing (OR = 4.65, 95% CI: 1.11–19.51) problems among ELBW participants exposed to CSA compared to those who did not, though confidence intervals were wide. At age 29–36, CSA was linked to increased odds of any current (OR = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.08–10.87) and lifetime (OR = 7.09, 95% CI: 2.00–25.03) non-substance use psychiatric disorders, however, this did not hold after adjustment for covariates. Statistically significant differences in mental health outcomes were not observed in NBW participants exposed to CSA compared to NBW participants who were not exposed. Survivors of significant perinatal adversity who are also exposed to CSA may be at higher risk for psychopathology through the fourth decade of life.     

A teacher’s journey: a first-person account of how a gay,Cambodian refugee navigated myriad barriers to become educated in the United States

Educational institutions, like most social service organizations, need to recognize intersectionality and complexity and move away from monolithic conceptions of homelessness – if they recognize homelessness at all. This first person account of a gay, Cambodian refugee illustrates the enormous complexity schools face in forming institutional responses for the needs of homeless, highly mobile, and economically displaced children and youth. This article demonstrates an effort to avoid reductionist definitions of homelessness and to include experiential representations of humans living at the margins (under the 5th Avenues of the world, in central parks, in downtown shelters, outside of the ethical and systemic “home” of current ideologies and social orders, under the politics of HIV in Africa, as refugees and as those “othered” by dominant social narratives). The research takes place in the context of the At Home At School program at Washington State University.     

Impacts of social economic status on higher education opportunity and graduate employment in China

Based on a nation-wide survey of higher education graduates, this paper analyzes the impact of family background, using paternal occupation and education as indicators, on their scores in the National College Entrance Examination, the level and type of higher education institutions they attend, their employment after graduation, and the income they receive from their first job. It has been found that there are wide disparities among students with different family backgrounds in both access to higher education and their potential employment in China nowadays. This paper also studies how those influences happen. __________ Translated from Peking University Education Review, 2005 July (3)     

Discussion on National Standard GB 6167"Methods for Testing the Performance of Airborne Particle Counter

Classificationofaircleanlinessinanykindofclean roomsandcleanzoneswillbeaccomplishedintermsofconcentrationofairborneparticles .Alightdiscreteair borneparticlecounter (hereafterreferringtoasAPC)isusedtodeterminetheconcentrationofairborneparticlesequaltoandlargerthanthespecifiedsizesatdesignatedsamplinglocation[1,2 ] .Inthepracticalmeasurementofparticleconcentrationincleanrooms,itisfoundthetest ingresultsofparticlenumberinthesameareacountedbydifferentparticlecountersarequitedifferentanduptoanord…     

Polarography

J Heyrovsky’s invention of polarography in which a dropping mercury electrode is used in the electrochemical cell revolutionised electroanalysis, study of electrode kinetics and adsorption studies on mercury electrodes. Polarography has also directly contributed to the development of new and innovative ideas in electrochemical techniques, instrumentation and applications     

物理实验操作能力的结构模型初探

中学生物理实验操作能力是物理实验能力的核心部分。本文探讨了物理实验操作能力的定义及其特点 ,并在此基础上构建了物理实验操作能力的结构模型 ,讨论了该模型的特点 ,即整体性、静态性、动态性和自调性。根据物理实验操作能力的结构模型及其特点 ,给出了物理实验操作能力的主要指标     

单核细胞增多性李斯特菌RsbR抗酸应激机制（英文）

目的:探明单增李斯特菌RsbR的两个保守磷酸化位点是否影响SigB(sigmaB)的表达.创新点:解析了RsbR在单增李斯特菌中SigB网络调控中的作用.方法:通过基因缺失、定点突变和回补技术构建rsbR基因缺失株、回补株和回补突变菌株,进行酸应激条件下的生长能力和强酸条件下的存活能力试验,并检测在酸应激下菌株中的SigB基因和蛋白表达的改变情况.结论:RsbR缺失能够显著降低单增李斯特菌的抗酸应激能力和下调SigB表达,RsbR-175位点是SigB调控途径中RsbT释放的先决条件.     

固体杂多酸(盐)催化酯化反应研究进展

概述了杂多酸 (盐 )的结构与性质 ,着重介绍了活性炭和二氧化硅负载杂多酸催化剂的制备及在酯化反应中的应用、研究现状与未来的发展方向