谁的意志 谁的利益——传统法视野下法律统治阶级意志论新辨

传统中国君主专制的政治形态下,君主权力几近不受约束,立法者尤其是最高立法者个人之偏见、情感、私利可毫无阻碍地作用于立法活动,法律背离统治阶级整体意志,遂成寻常之事。传统中国法律经常背离统治阶级意志的历史事实说明,法律反映统治阶级意志这一马克思主义法学基本命题,具有实然与应然双重意义,近代以前其意义多为应然,近代以后随着民主政治的建立、完善,其意义则由应然逐渐转为实然。近代民主政治的建立,是法律反映统治阶级意志成为实然之根本前提。     

The Assessment of Oxidative Stress on Patients with Chronic Renal Failure at Different Stages and on Dialysis Patients Receiving Different Hypertensive Treatment

The aim of this study is to evaluate the oxidative stress in predialysis, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis patients and to test the effects of antihypertensive drugs and volume control on oxidative stress parameters. The study was composed of five groups as follows: control group (n = 30), predialysis group (n = 30), peritoneal dialysis group (n = 30), hemodialysis group, (normotensive with strict volume control, n = 30), hemodialysis group (normotensive with medication, n = 30). Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and routine biochemical parameters were studied in all patients. Hemodialysis patients with strict volume control (HD_vc) had lower levels of MDA than other patient groups (p < 0.001), and CAT, SOD values had highest level other patient groups (p < 0.001). The treatment of hypertension with strict volume control in chronic renal failure patients causes less damage to the antioxidant capacity.     

The Uncertainty of the eGFR

The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a parameter derived from the serum creatinine, patient age and gender and is used to ascertain renal function. It is subject to variation because of the analytical error of the creatinine measurement and biological variation. The widespread use of the eGFR to classify renal disease has led to the identification of more patients with marginal chronic kidney disease but because of the uncertainty of the eGFR it has also led to over-diagnosis of some kidney disease. There is a well described age relation with eGFR.The uncertainty of the eGFR at the critical decision level of 60 mL/min/1.73 m² is calculated to be 11. Caution needs to be exercised when interpreting an eGFR between 49 and 71 mL/min/1.73 m².     

Current status of percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion

This paper describes the current status of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for totally occluded coronary arteries. Chronic total occlusion is associated with 10%–20% of all PCI procedures. Results show that opening an occluded vessel, especially one supplying a considerable area of myocardium, may be beneficial for a patient’s angina relief and heart function. We describe the devices used currently in re-canalization such as new wires, microcatheters (including Tonus and Cosair) and intravascular ultrasound guidance. Different techniques to improve the success rate and reduce complications are discussed in detail.     

针灸治疗慢性踝关节扭伤145例疗效观察

145例患随机分成傍刺温针灸组83例和单一针刺组62例，治疗2个疗程，观察比较2组的疗效。结果显示：傍刺温针灸组的总有效率为98.8％，治愈率80．72％，单一针刺组为88．7％，51．61％，经统计检验，差异显或极显(P＜0．05，P＜0．01)。傍刺温针灸治疗该病的临床疗效优于单一针刺疗法。     

Communicating About Chronic Caregiving in the Workplace: Employees’ Disclosure Preferences,Intentions, and Behaviors

A growing number of Americans are living with chronic health conditions that require informal, ongoing care from family members who are also in the paid labor force. In this exploratory study, communication privacy management is used to make sense of chronic caregiving (N = 48–64) and noncaregiving (N = 174–178) employees’ disclosure preferences, intentions, and behaviors in the workplace. We find that workers in general anticipate that they would disclose to many individuals at work about their caregiving, but employees actually disclose much less information to far fewer people at work when they occupy the chronic caregiver role. For chronic caregivers, positive perceptions about coworker supportiveness predict increased disclosure behaviors. Finally, future research directions as employers, workers, and policy makers prepare for the complex challenges associated with negotiating paid work and unpaid chronic caregiving are provided.     

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: which is better in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

To evaluate the clinic outcome of off-pump coronary bypass grafting (OPCABG) of patients with coronary heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, we collected and analyzed 1998-2002 data on 28 patients with these two diseases who had received off-pump coronary bypass operation in our hospital, and compared with data on those who also had the same two diseases but received on-pump coronary artery bypass at same time. There were no operation-related death;one died of respiratory failure 14 days after operation while staying in hospital; there were more respiratory complications in the conventional coronary artery bypass grafting group (CCABG) than in the OPCABG group; and the PaO2/FiO2 in the CCABG group was higher than that in the OPCABG group during operation because of CPB, but lower than that in the OPCABG group 6-12 hours after operation. OPCABG seemed more suitable than CCABG for coronary artery disease patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to less damage to their oxygen-exchange capability and the fewer respiratory complications.     

双环醇治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎肝纤维化及其作用机制

[目的]观察双环醇对慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者肝纤维化程度以及肝组织内转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)和Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原含量的影响.[方法]20例慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者以双环醇75~150 mg/d治疗24周,治疗前后分别肝活检进行常规病理学检查,并应用免疫组化技术和多媒体彩色病理图文分析系统观察双环醇治疗前后肝组织内TGF-β1和Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原含量的变化.[结果]慢性乙型病毒性肝炎肝纤维化患者经双环醇治疗后,肝组织炎症和纤维化程度明显改善,肝组织内TGF-β1和Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原含量均较治疗前明显降低,差异有显著性(P<0.05).[结论]双环醇治疗可以减轻慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者肝脏炎症反应,同时明显降低慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者肝组织内TGF-β1和Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的含量,从而发挥抗纤维化作用.     

Effect of tadalafil in chronic renal failure rabbits: relevance to erectile dysfunction

It is of great importance to investigate an effective and reliable medication against chronic renal failure (CRF)-related erectile dysfunction (ED), which aims to improve patients’ life qualities. The concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the corpus cavernosal smooth muscle of both CRF and control rabbits were measured. The effects of various concentrations of tadalafil, papaverine, and sodium nitroprusside on the relaxation responses of corpus cavernosal smooth muscle pre-contracted with phenylephrine in CRF rabbits were observed. There was significant difference in the concentration of cGMP between CRF and control rabbits (P<0.01). Tadalafil had the greatest impacts on CRF rabbits when given the same concentration of papaverine or sodium nitroprusside and particularly significant differences were identified under the concentration levels of 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁴ mol/L (P<0.01). The results suggest that the cGMP concentrations of the corpus cavernosum had been greatly reduced in CRF rabbits compared with control rabbits and that tadalafil may be an ideal medication for use in the treatment of CRF-related ED.