Entrepreneurial orientation, technology transfer and spinoff performance of U.S. universities

This paper adopts a resource-based perspective to understand why some universities are more successful than others at generating technology-based spinoff companies. In this respect, we derive eight hypotheses that link attributes of resources and capabilities, institutional, financial, commercial and human capital, to university spinoff outcomes. Using panel data from 1980 to 2001, our econometric estimators reveal evidence of history dependence for successful technology transfer to occur although faculty quality, size and orientation of science and engineering funding and commercial capability were also found to be predictors of university spinoff activity. We conclude by drawing implications for policy makers and university heads.     

Regional economic integration and R&D investment

We analyze the influence of a regional economic integration agreement (REIA) on a firm's investments in research and development (R&D). A country's entry into a REIA creates two competing influences on the firm's R&D investments. On the one hand, increased competition in product markets after the REIA would induce the firm to invest in internal R&D to improve its distinctive technological competitiveness. On the other hand, better access to sources of inputs in factor markets after the REIA would induce the firm to purchase external R&D because it can outsource technology more easily. Surprisingly, the empirical analysis shows that the REIA's impact on R&D investment is driven primarily by product markets rather than by factor markets. After the REIA, product markets induce firms not only to invest more in internal R&D but also purchase more external R&D. In contrast, after the REIA factor markets have limited influence on internal or external R&D investments.     

浅谈温度传感器的现状与发展

文章介绍了模拟温度传感器和数字温度传感器的特点、现状及其应用,并对两者进行了比较分析.     

深圳地区狗牙根冬枯成因及防除技术

首次提出了深圳地区冬季气候条件下暖季型草坪草狗牙根天堂草419冬枯成因的防除技术。认为浅休眠是暖季型草坪草狗牙根渡过冬季零上低温的一种典型的生物学方式。利用冬季亚热带气候升温快，零上低温滞留较短的特殊气候，采用冬前重肥就能轻易打破这种休眠，从而维持暖季型草坪草狗牙根冬季生长和全年的绿期。     

GIS技术在宁夏枸杞气候区划中的应用

GIS技术为农业气候区划的进一步深入提供了有效的技术方法。在专业地理信息系统软件ArcGIS系统支持下，根据宁夏枸杞产量与气象条件的关系，分析得出:枸杞全生育期最优≥10℃积温为3 450℃·天；≥10℃积温在3 200℃～3 700℃·天范围内，枸杞一般能获得正常产量，热量不是枸杞限制因子；≥10℃积温在3 200℃·天以下时，热量不足引起枸杞减产。枸杞全生育期最适日照时数为1 640h；在1 500h～1 800h内，日照不是限制枸杞产量的因素，低于1 500h时，全生育期日数短，积温少，枸杞减产；高于1 800h时，产量也会有所下降。在此基础上确定了宁夏枸杞产量的气候区划指标,进行了区划指标的小网格点推算。并采用GIS技术对宁夏进行了枸杞产量的气候区划,划分出适宜、次适宜和不适宜种植区。提出:在适宜区有灌溉条件的地方，扩大枸杞种植面积；在次适宜区可适当种植枸杞，以优化农业产业结构，但不可盲目扩大种植面积; 在光热条件较差，产量低而不稳，很难形成经济效益的不适宜区不宜种植枸杞。为趋利避害合理发展枸杞生产, 进一步科学地优化农业产业结构，合理布局枸杞种植提供了参考依据。     

The role of technological management as a source of innovation: Evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms

The objective of this study is to amplify the scarce empirical evidence about the effect of technological management on innovation. At the same time, the investigation is intended to examine whether the scale of production by itself stimulates technological activity and/or it acts as a proxy of other determinants of innovation. The estimation of an innovation production function with a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms shows that the planning and monitoring of the innovation process and the hiring of personnel with special skills for technological activities are significant sources of innovation, although with important differences regarding the type of innovation (process versus product). In addition, the evidence suggests that large firms’ advantages for the generation of product innovations are related to a different use and effectiveness of technological management mechanisms.     

Founders’ human capital and the growth of new technology-based firms: A competence-based view

In this paper, we analyze empirically the relation between the growth of new technology-based firms and the human capital of founders, with the aim of teasing out the “wealth” and “capability” effects of human capital. For this purpose, we take advantage of a new data set relating to a sample composed of 506 Italian young firms that operate in high-tech industries in both manufacturing and services. In accordance with competence-based theories, the econometric estimates show that the nature of the education and of the prior work experience of founders exerts a key influence on growth. In fact, founders’ years of university education in economic and managerial fields and to a lesser extent in scientific and technical fields positively affect growth while education in other fields does not. Similarly prior work experience in the same industry of the new firm is positively associated with growth while prior work experience in other industries is not. Furthermore, it is the technical work experience of founders as opposed to their commercial work experience that determines growth. The fact that within the founding team there are individuals with prior entrepreneurial experiences also results in superior growth. Lastly, we provide evidence that there are synergistic gains from the combination of the complementary capabilities of founders relating to (i) economic-managerial and scientific-technical education and (ii) technical and commercial industry-specific work experiences. We conclude that the human capital of founders of new technology-based firms is not just a proxy for personal wealth.     

中国广西蛛毛苣苔属(苦苣苔科)一新种——桂林蛛毛苣苔

描述了采自中国广西的苦苣苔科新种桂林蛛毛苣苔Paraboea guilinensis L. Xu & Y. G. Wei。新种体态及叶形接近厚叶蛛毛苣苔P. crassifolia (Hemsl.) Burtt，与后者不同在于叶革质，花序梗、花梗及花萼均无毛，花冠明显二唇形，蒴果不旋扭。     

西藏艾麻属(荨麻科)一新种

Laportea medogensis C. J.  Chen,  most closely related  to  L.  decumana(Rumph.) Wedd., is described from southeastern Xizang (Tibet).     

香蒲属的成分研究——IV．香蒲属化学和系统学的研究

从蒙古香蒲Typha davidiana，宽叶香蒲T．latifolia和长苞香蒲T．angustata花粉中     分别分离得到几个相同的黄酮类化合物。三个为甙元，五个为黄酮醇甙；用薄层层析分析了     五种香蒲花粉(包括上述三种)的黄酮类化合物，结果表明各种花粉黄酮成分基本一致。     从化学上把香蒲属和黑三棱属及可能相关的16个科作了比较，结果表明：香蒲属与露兜     树科相差很远；与帚灯草科，须叶藤科，谷精草科相似；与黑三棱属非常相似；因此建议把香蒲     属和黑三棱属同归于一科——香蒲科，成立香蒲目。该目可能与帚灯草目接近。这些结果与    近来的解剖学、孢粉学、血清学、胚胎学、和细胞学方面的研究结果是一致的。