Reexamining Fear Appeal Models from Cognitive Appraisal Theory and Functional Emotion Theory Perspectives

Recognizing inconsistencies between the extant fear appeal theories and emotion literature, this research integrated cognitive appraisal theory and functional emotion theory into a fear appeal literature and proposed a model that describes a process through which both fear and anxiety can contribute to adaptive responses. Findings from an experiment (N = 927) supported the predictions. Fear and anxiety emerged as distinct constructs. Perceived susceptibility was a stronger predictor of anxiety than fear, while perceived severity was a stronger predictor of fear than anxiety. In addition, greater fear and anxiety led to greater response efficacy through increased motivation to obtain protection-related information and heightened attention to such information, thus mediating the threat and coping appraisal processes. The SEM model testing the predictions showed that perceived susceptibility had the strongest total effects on protection intention, followed by anxiety, perceived severity, and fear.     

道德情感教育中的"同情"与"移情"

“同情”和“移情”是两个既相联系又有区别的概念，对“同情”和“移情”的研究是道德情感研究发展的一条主线．本文分析了从“同情”到“移情”所代表的道德情感研究重心向认知的偏移对道德情感教育的理论和实践的发展所产生的影响．     

“即使 A,也 B”的认知层面

“即使A,也B”分为实言句和假言句两类,本文探讨了这个句式的认知层面.主观推测层面,“即使A,也B”这个让步转折句所反映的认识是0＜P{B/A}≤0.5,此时,实言句和假言句是一致的;客观反映层面,“即使A,也B”所反映的认识是：P{B}=1,P{B/Amin（B）}=1,此层面又分为两种情况,一为实言,P{A}=1;二是假言,P{A}=0或P{A}=0.5.说话人使用“即使A,也B”让步转折句,其目的是为了反映出大脑思维这两种不同认知层面所具有的不一致关系.     

Load reduction instruction: Exploring a framework that assesses explicit instruction through to independent learning

Load reduction instruction (LRI) is an instructional approach aimed at managing the cognitive burden on students in the initial stages of learning; then, as fluency and automaticity develop, students are encouraged to engage in guided independent learning. LRI comprises five factors: difficulty reduction, support and scaffolding, practice, feedback, and guided independence. This study examined an instrument (the Load Reduction Instruction Scale, LRIS) aimed at assessing these five factors. Among a sample of high school students from 40 classrooms, findings supported the validity of the LRIS, the conceptualising underpinning it, and its potential to guide instructional practice.     

用认知弹性理论指导心理健康教育课程教学

学校心理健康课程教学中存在简单化倾向和"高原现象",需要引起高度重视。认知弹性理论提出的知识观和教学观,有利于正确理解心理健康课程教学,它提出的支持结构不良领域高级知识获得的教学策略,为心理教育课程的复杂概念理解和知识迁移提供了有效途径,即小组合作学习;交互式学习;问题情境性学习。     

地方本科院校翻译课程的教学思考

由认知翻译角度出发,尝试以pioneer翻译为案例教学,由具体翻译过程探究翻译课程教学的模式与价值判断,旨在为翻译教学提供参考之用。     

莫言小说实体隐喻初探

莫言不仅继承、发展了中国文学的历史传统,而且借鉴了西方作家、学者的创作与研究成果。他在小说中大量使用富有强烈代入感的实体隐喻尤其是身体隐喻,以及雅俗相济的口语化语言,准确而形象地反映了特定时代的社会风貌和个人感受,使其产生了震撼人心的艺术感染力,具有重要的文化意义。     

Knowledge elaboration: A cognitive load perspective

The process of knowledge elaboration is considered from the perspective of cognitive load theory. This theory assumes that the available knowledge structures in long-term memory (LTM) are used to organize and guide cognitive processing in complex learning. Accordingly, the role of external instructional guidance in the process of knowledge elaboration could be described as providing a substitute for knowledge structures missing from LTM. Thus, the executive guidance in complex learning environments is shared between the person (based on his/her LTM knowledge structures) and another expert or instructional means. This article analyzes instructional implications of this assumption. Adaptive learning environments are suggested for tailoring knowledge elaboration processes to changing characteristics of individual learners. Means for identifying and predicting the learner's LTM-based executive guidance are proposed so that they can be utilized in the building of adaptive learning environments.     

Learning executive function skills by playing focused video games

The objective of the present study was to determine whether it is possible to design a video game that could help students improve their executive function skill of shifting between competing tasks and the conditions under which playing the game would lead to improvements on cognitive tests of shifting. College students played a custom video game, Alien Game, which required the executive function skill of shifting between competing tasks. When students played for 2 h over 4 sessions they developed significantly better performance on cognitive shifting tests compared to a control group that played a different game (d = 0.62), but not when they played for 1 h over 2 sessions. Students who played Alien Game at a high level of challenge (i.e., reaching a high level in the game) developed significantly better performance on cognitive shifting tests compared to controls when they played for 2 h (Experiment 1, d = 1.44), but not when they played for 1 h (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 replicated the results of Experiment 1 using an inactive control group, showing that playing Alien Game for 2 h resulted in significant improvements in shifting skills (d = 0.78). Results show the effectiveness of playing a custom-made game that focuses on a specific executive function skill for sufficient time at an appropriate level of challenge. Results support the specific transfer of general skills theory, in which practice of a cognitive skill in a game context transferred to performance on the same skill in a non-game context.     

In the hearts and minds of employees: A model of pre-adoptive appraisal toward artificial intelligence in organizations

Organizations face increasing pressure to implement artificial intelligence (AI) within a variety of business processes and functions. Many perceived benefits surround AI, but a considerable amount of trepidation also exists because of the potential of AI to replace human employees and dehumanize work. Questions regarding the future of work in the age of AI are particularly salient in pre-adoption organizations, before employees have the opportunity to gain direct experience with AI. To cope with this potentially stressful situation, employees engage in cognitive appraisal processes based on their own knowledge and personal use of AI. These pre-adoptive appraisals of AI influence both affective and cognitive attitudes, which in turn trigger behavioral responses that influence an organization’s ability to leverage AI successfully. Our survey of 363 Taiwanese employees shows that perceptions of AI’s operational and cognitive capabilities are positively related to affective and cognitive attitudes toward AI, while concerns regarding AI have a negative relationship with affective attitude only. Interaction effects of employee knowledge and affective attitude are also observed. This work’s main contribution lies in the development of an empirically-tested model of the potential impact of AI on organizations from an employee perspective in the pre-adoption phase. These results have practical implications for how organizations prepare for the arrival of this transformative technology.