空间观念的培养策略

培养学生的空间观念一直是小学几何教学的重要目标。本文从认知学的角度阐述了如何培养学生空间观念,并据此提出具体教学操作设想。     

对杨明《“事出于沉思，义归乎翰藻”解》的商榷

关于如何理解萧统《文选序》中“事出于沉思,义归乎翰藻”两句的含义,学术界长期来意见纷纭,莫衷一是,后读杨是先生有关文章,在对两句含义的总体把握上,彼此所见略同,唯觉杨文对某些局部问题的疏解,似尚有可商榷之处。     

Linkages between cognitive and social dialogue patterns during collaborative small-group discussions

BackgroundCollaborative small-group discussions have the potential to promote reading comprehension, critical thinking, and argumentation. However, few studies have gone beyond cognitive processes to understand the social characteristics of dialogue and their potential contributions to students’ cognitive processing in turn-by-turn dialogic exchanges.AimsThis study closely examined dialogues between speakers and addressees regarding their levels of cognitive processing (i.e., cognitive dialogue patterns) and social processes reflecting social cohesion (i.e., social dialogue patterns). The aims were to understand, first, the relations between students' cognitive dialogue patterns and their social dialogue patterns, and second, the relations between students' cognitive dialogue patterns and peers’ social dialogue patterns.SampleThis study included 4070 speaking turns generated by 120 fifth-graders in 60 small-group discussions.MethodsStudents participated in small-group discussions, called Collaborative Social Reasoning. Dialogue between pairs of group members formed social networks, based on which Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) were specified.ResultsFindings showed that speakers' social dialogue patterns were associated with their cognitive dialogue patterns. However, receiving social dialogue patterns from peers did not always predict students’ advanced types of cognitive dialogue patterns.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that cognitive and social aspects of small-group discussions are intricately linked, and that encouraging social cohesion does not guarantee that students will engage in collaborative and critical discussions.     

浅析电视广告受众的选择性心理

广告受众接受广告是有选择的，这对广告的有效性产生着重要的影响。广告受众的选择性心理体现在注意、理解、记忆三个环节。要增强广告的有效性，只有顺应公众在这三个方面的选择性规律，加强对受众的心理引导，才能取得较好的市场效果。     

电视制作实验教学模式探索

电视制作实验是教育电视相关课程教学实践的关键。该研究基于笔者所在学校实际,挖掘开放式实验教学的内涵,以认知学徒制为指导,以项目开发为目标,利用行动研究方法开展教学试验,探索符合学校实际的电视制作实验教学模式,以期对实验教学改革提供参考。     

认知建构视角下交互式信息检索模型研究

[目的/意义]信息检索本质上是一个认知过程,研究促进用户认知的交互式信息检索模型具有重要意义。[研究设计/方法]以建构主义理论为指导,以促进用户的认知发展为研究目标,构建了以信息空间层、用户空间层和界面交互层为顶层分析框架的交互式信息检索模型,并开发了原型系统。[结论/发现]实验结果表明原型系统能有效地促进用户对信息空间的探索与挖掘,帮助用户积极主动地进行认知建构,发展认知空间。[创新/价值]将认知建构理论运用于信息检索领域,从交互设计方面对检索系统提出了改进建议,以更好地提供认知支持。     

温州软土地区基坑支护方案的优选研究

在分析温州地区的环境和地质特点的基础上,总结温州软土地区基坑支护常用的方案,指出基坑支护设计、施工和监理过程中存在的问题。对基于灰理论的基坑支护方案优选方法中的指标重新调整,引入指标权重计算关联度,通过具体的工程实例验证多目标决策方法在基坑支护方案优选的合理性和实用性。     

语言非范畴化理论简述及讨论

外语学者刘正光关于语言非范畴化理论的研究是语言学领域一项具有前沿性和创新性的学术成就,为认知语言学作出了很大贡献。语言非范畴化不只是语法化的非范畴化,而是范畴化理论不可缺少的组成部分,更重要的是人类对自然认知的一个过程,是一个知识类型以及知识概念的创新方式。     

学生认知方式与物理教学模式适配性实验研究

本研究选取某省示范高中92名学生为被试,采用问题讨论、自学指导、边讲边议、实践探究常见的四种课堂教学模式,对不同认知方式学生进行物理课堂教学,其结果表明：教学内容难度高且结构松散,实验探究、问题解决模式更适用于场独立性认知方式的学生。教学内容难度小且内容翔实,自学指导模式更适用于场依存性学生。     

Childhood maltreatment,cognitive emotion regulation strategies,and alcohol craving and dependence in alcohol-dependent males: Direct and indirect pathways

ObjectivesChildhood maltreatment (CM) and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERSs) may be important in alcohol craving and dependence in alcohol-dependent individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate direct effects of CM on the subscales of alcohol craving and alcohol dependence and its indirect effects via CERSs in individuals with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence.MethodsIn a cross-sectional design, 329 alcohol-dependent males completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short version (CERQ-Short), the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS), the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II).ResultsParticipants with alcohol dependence had early age of onset of alcohol use (mean = 20.78 years), relatively long duration of alcohol use (mean = 11.14 years), and low education (mean = 9.55 years). Indirect effects were observed from CM to the subscales of alcohol craving and dependence only through maladaptive CERSs after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. No direct effect was observed through CM on the subscales of alcohol craving and dependence.ConclusionsAlthough drawing causal conclusions from the current research is impossible, the findings suggest that maladaptive CERSs may be a possible mechanism relating CM to alcohol craving and dependence in treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent individuals, while adaptive CERSs may be less important regarding this relation. However, the findings of the current study need longitudinal research.