Effects of performance feedback valence on perceptions of invested mental effort

We investigated whether the valence of performance feedback provided after a task, would affect participants’ perceptions of how much mental effort they invested in that same task. In three experiments, we presented participants with problem-solving tasks and manipulated the presence and valence of feedback between conditions (no, positive, or negative feedback valence), prior to asking them to rate how much mental effort they invested in solving that problem. Across the three experiments–with different problem-solving tasks and participant populations–we found that subjective ratings of effort investment were significantly higher after negative than after positive feedback; ratings given without feedback fell in between. These findings show that feedback valence alters perceived effort investment (possibly via task perceptions or affect), which can be problematic when effort is measured as an indicator of cognitive load. Therefore, it seems advisable to measure mental effort directly after each task, before giving feedback on performance.     

明代平越卫职役来源地初探

洪武十五年(1382年),平越千户所改置平越卫.自置卫至成化时的八十多年时间中,陆续有武职调入.考察《平越卫选簿》可知,该卫武官主要由南直隶、北直隶和河南调入,旗军主要来自南直隶和湖广地区,部分来自陕西、四川、山西、福建等省区.讨论卫所职役来源地问题,应留意卫所武职与旗军来源地不一致现象.     

On the effects of motivation on reading performance growth in secondary school

This research aimed at identifying unique effects of reading motivation on reading performance when controlling for cognitive skills, familial, and demographic background. We drew upon a longitudinal sample of N = 1508 secondary school students from 5th to 8th grade. Two types of intrinsic reading motivation (reading enjoyment, reading for interest), one type of extrinsic reading motivation (competition), and reading self-concept were measured by self-report questionnaires. Cognitive skills (reasoning, decoding speed) and reading performance were assessed using standardized tests and background variables were collected using student and parent questionnaires. Applying latent growth curve modeling, positive unique effects of reading enjoyment and reading self-concept and a negative unique effect of competition on the initial level of reading performance were recorded. Moreover, a positive unique effect of reading for interest on reading performance growth was recorded. One may conclude that enhancing students’ interest might be fruitful in terms of nurturing reading performance.     

大学书法教学的三个环节

大学书法教学课时较少,如何在有限的学时中组织好教学,最大限度的发挥出课堂教学作用,以达到教学要求,教师要着重抓住选帖、临摹、欣赏这三个最为重要的环节。     

隐喻的认知机制和隐喻相似性

隐喻是一种重要的认知模式,是从一个范畴域向另一个范畴域的结构映射。相似性是隐喻的基础,也是隐喻区别于其他相关语言用法的重要条件。隐喻相似性依赖于客观世界和主观认知之间的互相作用,是可以创造的。相似性实际上仅表现于两个事物之间某一个方面或某一个点,是潜在的,是人类在这两个具有差异性的事物中突显其相似面或相似点的结果。     

足球的“自然选择”和“人工培养”成才模式浅析

更高水平的足球人才、更充足的储备是足球队水平更高的根源。本文对当今世界足球人才成长的“自然选择”和“人工培养”两种模式进行分析,探讨足球人才的发展和培养道路。“自然选择”模式是根据人体生长发育阶段,从低至高发展各级别联赛,让球员在各级别联赛中发展自己的足球志趣和竞技水平,自我选择,适者生存,优胜劣汰,完全尊重球员个体的...     

记者新闻选择与价值判断中的社会心理分析

新闻记者的职责就是为受众提供事实的报道,而新闻采访中情境的不确定性和时间的局限性使记者的新闻选择与价值判断成为一种特殊的决策。本文试图探索影响新闻记者新闻选择和价值判断基本过程的社会心理因素,以改进我们对新闻决策过程的理解,提升新闻报道的质量和水平。     

采用因子分析法构建数字资源选择标准体系

在汇集整理数字资源选择标准初始集合的基础上,开展专家问卷调查,进行数字资源选择标准重要性及适用性的调查研究,采用因子分析法进行数据统计和分析,提炼精简出关联度最强、最具代表性的选择标准,在此基础上遴选适用性得分高于4分的选择标准,由此构建具有一定合理性和可操作性的数字资源选择标准体系。     

火电公司分散控制系统的评估与选型

讨论了火电公司应用中分散控制系统评估的内容和一般准则,并介绍了一种评估和选型的具体方法和步骤,这对火电公司分散控制系统的工程设计以及提高发电效率具有一定的借鉴意义。