Expertise Reversal Effect and Its Implications for Learner-Tailored Instruction

The interactions between levels of learner prior knowledge and effectiveness of different instructional techniques and procedures have been intensively investigated within a cognitive load framework since mid-90s. This line of research has become known as the expertise reversal effect. Apart from their cognitive load theory-based prediction and explanation, patterns of empirical findings on the effect fit well those in studies of Aptitude Treatment Interactions (ATI) that were originally initiated in mid-60s. This paper reviews recent empirical findings associated with the expertise reversal effect, their interpretation within cognitive load theory, relations to ATI studies, implications for the design of learner-tailored instructional systems, and some recent experimental attempts of implementing these findings into realistic adaptive learning environments.     

How does education have an impact on ethnocentrism? A structural equation analysis of cognitive,occupational status and network mechanisms

Previous studies have distinguished cognitive, occupational status and network mechanisms in the relation between education and ethnocentrism. Hypotheses on these mediating mechanisms are derived from socialization theory, realistic group threat and contact theory. In the current study we use structural equation modeling to investigate the explanatory power of these three mechanisms simultaneously. The analysis is based on a representative population survey from the Netherlands (NELLS 2009, n = 1910). The results show that more than half of the initial association between education and ethnocentrism can be attributed to cognitive ability and occupational status mechanisms. The remaining part of the overall association, however, still has to be modeled as a direct relationship between education and ethnocentrism. This direct association can be attributed either to social desirability or to a direct liberalizing effect of education on social and political attitudes. Our analysis tentatively suggests that the rise of average education levels in Western societies might lead to less ethnocentric attitudes via the cognitive sophistication mechanism.     

隐喻的认知机制和隐喻相似性

隐喻是一种重要的认知模式,是从一个范畴域向另一个范畴域的结构映射。相似性是隐喻的基础,也是隐喻区别于其他相关语言用法的重要条件。隐喻相似性依赖于客观世界和主观认知之间的互相作用,是可以创造的。相似性实际上仅表现于两个事物之间某一个方面或某一个点,是潜在的,是人类在这两个具有差异性的事物中突显其相似面或相似点的结果。     

内隐学习对排球运动员认知心理的影响

借鉴内隐学习的研究成果,分析比较了外显学习与内隐学习对排球运动员在技能学习方面的各自优势.充分证明了排球运动员在认知心理活动方面内隐学习有着巨大的优势,并论证了内隐学习在排球运动实践中的作用,为排球运动员心理技能训练的科学化提供了思路.     

激发学生认知心理之网页设计的视觉效应

从学生进行网上学习的心理出发,分析如何使用更好的视觉设计,激发学生的学习需求,引导学生高效学习。     

用认知弹性理论指导心理健康教育课程教学

学校心理健康课程教学中存在简单化倾向和"高原现象",需要引起高度重视。认知弹性理论提出的知识观和教学观,有利于正确理解心理健康课程教学,它提出的支持结构不良领域高级知识获得的教学策略,为心理教育课程的复杂概念理解和知识迁移提供了有效途径,即小组合作学习;交互式学习;问题情境性学习。     

地方本科院校翻译课程的教学思考

由认知翻译角度出发,尝试以pioneer翻译为案例教学,由具体翻译过程探究翻译课程教学的模式与价值判断,旨在为翻译教学提供参考之用。     

莫言小说实体隐喻初探

莫言不仅继承、发展了中国文学的历史传统,而且借鉴了西方作家、学者的创作与研究成果。他在小说中大量使用富有强烈代入感的实体隐喻尤其是身体隐喻,以及雅俗相济的口语化语言,准确而形象地反映了特定时代的社会风貌和个人感受,使其产生了震撼人心的艺术感染力,具有重要的文化意义。     

Cognitive and social help giving in online teaching: an exploratory study

While literature suggests that college students may be less reluctant to seek help in online rather than traditional courses, little is known about how online instructors give help in ways that lead to increased student help seeking and academic success. In this study, we used theories and research on learning assistance and scaffolding, teacher immediacy, social presence, and academic help seeking to explore through a cross-case study design how three online instructors differed in their use of cognitive and social supports and how those differences related to student perceptions of support, help seeking, and performance. Primary data sources included all course postings by the instructors, interviews with the instructors, observational field notes on course discussions, student interviews, and final student grades. Archived course documents and student discussion postings were secondary data sources. Data analysis revealed that while all instructors provided cognitive and social support, they varied in their level of questioning, use of direct instruction, support for task structuring, and attention to group dynamics. This variation in teaching presence related to differences across the courses in student perceptions of support, student help seeking in course discussions, and final course grades. Implications for online teaching and suggestions for further research are offered.