Who benefits from which reading intervention in the primary years? Match the intervention with the reading profile

Abstract

Reading difficulties may have multiple causes. Effective approaches to reading intervention need to target the specific causes for individual readers. The Early Reading Intervention Knowledge program comprises three intervention pathways: a phonological-phonemic pathway, a phonic-orthographic pathway, and an oral language pathway. This study examines the effectiveness of each pathway for 902 underachieving students in their second to fifth years of primary education. The students differed in their reading profiles. The interventions were implemented in a regular school context. Intervention in the three pathways improved reading accuracy and comprehension for both the younger (Years 2 and 3) and older (Years 4 and 5) age groups. The pattern in accuracy gains across the three pathways was similar for each group, with the older students making smaller gains. Reading profiles influenced the rate or amount of gain. For comprehension, the phonological and oral language pathways yielded higher gains for both age groups than the orthographic pathway. The most at-risk students showed the highest gains. The implications for intervention are discussed.     

EST技术在植物基因克隆和基因表达谱研究中的应用

表达序列标签是cDNA的部分序列，是通过对cDNA库进行大规模上次性测序而获得．对于植物研究而言，该技术已成为一种高效、经济的克隆重要植物基因的工具．而且，通过分析来自特定组织的EST库可以定量地估计该组织中各类基因的表达丰度．这种组织基因表达谱可用于阐明植物的代谢调控网络或植物对生物、非生物胁迫反应的信号转导途径．章以几个典型的实例阐释如何利用EST技术来克隆重要的植物经济性状基因及以此技术进行表达谱研究．     

吸水剖面资料在低渗透油藏开发中的应用

在低渗透性油藏的注水开发过程中,由于存在层间、层内、平面的三大矛盾,以及裂缝的存在,注入水主要沿着渗透性较好的方向单向突进,而相对低渗透层则吸水量较少或不吸水,对应油井变化是含水上升快和难以见到注水效果两极差异。利用吸水剖面测试技术,结合油水井动、静态资料可以从纵向上和横向上了解油层的吸水状况、水驱方向和注水波及特征。结合相关资料能对油水井作出及时的调整措施,达到提高注水效率和区块稳产的目的。     

智能型数字教材系统的核心理念和技术实现

教材是实现教育目标的重要工具和核心资源。它的载体经历了从纸媒到电子介质,再到基于电子介质的教学资源集成的过程,并逐渐走向富媒体化和平台化,下一代数字教材将朝开放、个性化、社群化和智能化方向演进,智能型数字教材系统应运而生。本文通过文献研究法、实证研究法、软件工程法,厘清了智能型数字教材系统的概念、特征及其现实意义,并从知识结构图谱化、资源组织系统化、学习数据可视化、学习管理智能化四个维度提出了智能型数字教材系统的核心理念,提出了融入学习模型、教学策略模型、学习者画像和知识图谱四个核心组件的智能型数字教材系统的技术实现路径及其推进机制,以支撑不同学科教师和不同学习者的自适应学习服务需求,将教材的解读弱中介化,促进教育公平和学生学习效能的提升,以期引发教育教学模式和教育供给方式的大变革。     

多模态数据赋能教师画像:从简笔画走向全息画像

教师数字画像是实现精准诊断、及时干预和个性化服务的基础,然而国内学者少有关注,特别是多模态数据赋能全息化描绘教师画像的潜力没有得到很好的发掘。本研究从多学科角度系统解析了多模态的内涵,即多模态是表征不同生理、心理或行为反应的不同形态数据。以此为基础,本研究构建了以生理数据为主要成分的多模态数据全息临摹教师画像的机理及画像模型,模型包括关注发展期望勾勒的愿景层、关注研修动态描绘的学习层、关注本体特征刻画的属性层三个层面。之后,研究构建了基于全息画像的个性化机制(包括适性的动力机制和个人路径生成机制)以及机制得以运转的多模态学习分析方略(包括涵盖去伪存真、多维共描、多面临摹三个层面的多模态数据融合分析方略以及涉及精准教学、失败中学、个性化学习三种学习理念的适应性精准决策方略)。希望这一研究成果能对教师全息画像的临摹提供可行的方案,对以此为基础的智慧研修系统与个性化研修服务的构建提供有价值的参考。     

Effect of immobilisation stress on lipid peroxidation and lipid profile in rabbits

Stress is one of the basic factors in the aetiology of a number of diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, aging, liver disease etc. Hence this work was designed to study the effect of stress in the form of forced immobilisation stress on lipid peroxidation and lipid profile in rabbits. The study was conducted in 25 healthy rabbits of either sex. Rabbits were subjected to forced immobilisation for two hours everyday for consecutive seven days. Blood samples were collected on day 1, 3 and 7 after immobilisation period. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation was estimated by TBA assay method. Lipid profile was analysed by multichannel autoanalyser. There was statistically significant increase in MDA, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides with immobilisation. These findings indicate that stress in the form of forced immobilisation increases lipid peroxidation and alter lipid profile, which may be responsible for pathophysiology of various diseases.     

基于城市大数据的城市数据画像构建

[目的/意义]解决城市发展中遇到的诸多问题，提升城市治理与运行能力、打破城市发展困境。[方法/过程]从三元世界理论在城市空间的映射，将城市空间认知解构为物理空间、社会空间和信息空间，以城市运行过程中产生的大数据资源为基础，将用户画像的理念映射到城市环境中，提出城市数据画像的构建路径。结合智慧城市和城市竞争力相关研究，构建城市数据画像分面模型，并进行时空透视。以城市交通画像为例，介绍城市数据画像的应用模式。[结果/结论]借助城市数据画像，能够全景化呈现城市运行状况，以智慧数据辅助城市治理、运行、发展，实现智能化城市信息服务。     

Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on oxidative energy metabolism in rat liver mitochondria—A comparative study of early and late effects

The reports in the literature on effects of diabetes on mitochondrial energy-linked functions are conflicting. Hence we carried out systematic studies to evaluate the effects at the early and the late stages of the disease using STZ-diabetic rat as a model. At the end of one week, after induction of diabetes, respiration rates with glutamate and succinate as the substrates increased; respiration rates with other substrates e.g. β-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate + malate and ascorbate + TMPD were not affected despite substantial decrease in the β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity and cytochrome b and c+c₁ contents. Insulin treatment brought about increase in the cytochrome contents beyond control values. The ATPase activity was generally low in the diabetic animals and was not restored by insulin treatment. At the end of one month, the respiratory activities with all the substrates were generally low. Insulin treatment either restored or stimulated the respiration rates beyond control values. The content of cytochromes was differentially affected in the diabetic animals, but insulin treatment caused significant increase beyond control levels. The pattern for ATPase activity was similar to the early effects. At both the stages i.e. early and late stages of diabetes the mitochondria were tightly coupled. The ADP/O ratios were in normal expected ranges and the respiratory control ratios were comparable with the control groups. Insulin treatment resulted in apparent restoration of respiratory activity. However, the effects on the cytochromes and dehydrogenases activities were differential. Taken together the two observations would suggest that the mitochondria were not re-instated to normality despite apparent restoration of respiratory function.     

Correlation of serum retinol and its relation with lipid prolile in Indian cancer patients

The present study was undertaken to investigate the relation of retinol with lipid profile of patients with cancers of breast, stomach, oesophagus, colon, gallbladder, pancreas, lung and cervix. Serum retinol was assayed in 120 patients and 40 healthy normal control by reverse phase HPLC using CLC-ODS C-18 columns and retinyl acetate as an internal standard. Significant decease in serum cholesterol and LDL was observed in patients with cancers of esophagus, colon, stomach, pancreas and gallbladder respectively. Retinol was reduced in all forms of cancers but pronounced decrease was observed in oesophagus, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach and colon. Serum Retinol in all patients was directly correlated with total cholesterol and LDL. These findings suggest that therapeutic modalities of this vitamin could be planned for these patients, as vitamin A is known to act as an antioxidant for prevention of certain cancers.     

Lipid profile in middle class Bengali population of Kolkata

Fasting samples of 1396 apparently healthy, middle class Bengali population of Kolkata, West Bengal were tested for total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, over a period of three years. The values obtained were (in mg/dl) 190±33, 132±42, 53±10, 116±30 and 21±7 respectively. When these subjects were grouped according to the age and sex, no appreciable difference were observed between most of the groups. Triglyceride was found to be low and HDL cholesterol was high in women below 30 years when compared with men of similar age. Beyond 60 years, cholesterol level as well as low density lipoprotein cholesterol was found to be gradually increased in case of women. Besides these changes, other minor differences were not statistically significant. It is suggested that the lipid values of the present study should be taken as a base parameters and the clinical evaluation be made on the basis of these finding.