对热力学熵增原理的认识

本文综述了熵增原理的作用和地位,进一步阐明了熵的意义。     

纳木错湿地资源评价及保护与合理利用对策

纳木错地理坐标 3 0°3 0′N～ 3 0°5 6′N ,90°1 6′E～ 91°0 3′E ,面积 1 92 0km2 ,湖面海拔 471 8m ,是世界上海拔最高的大型湖泊。湖中生物多样性资源丰富。鱼类资源仅纳木错裸鲤 (Gymnocyprisnamensis)和异尾高原鳅 (Triplophysastewartii)两种 ,但每年的可持续鱼产量可达 2 0 0 0t左右。湖滨湿地是迁徙水禽的重要停歇地和繁殖地 ,其中黑颈鹤 (Grusnigricollus)为国家一级重点保护动物 ,赤麻鸭 (Tadornaferruginea)和斑头雁(Anserindicus)为自治区二级重点保护动物。在《湿地公约》执行局提出的确定国际重要湿地的 2组 8条标准中 ,纳木错至少符合其中 5个标准 ,从而确立了其作为国际重要湿地的地位。纳木错具有高度的自然性、稀有性、脆弱性和代表性。随着社会经济迅速发展和人口不断增长 ,湖区自然湿地生态系统已经或可能面临的的主要威胁有过牧、旅游、捕鱼和气候变化等 4个方面。纳木错湿地生境保护重点应放在东岸你亚曲 -卓的曲 -日阿曲河口沼泽湿地、扎西多半岛东侧泻湖区、湖心鸟岛和湖西入湖诸河河口沼泽 ;草地保护主要手段有开展宣教活动、完善草、畜承包责任制和建立高效低耗畜牧业生产模式等 ;此外在流域水平上保护湿地和鼓励社区参与也是纳木错湿地保护的重要对策     

“I Don't Know What You're Looking for”: Professional Vision in Swedish Agricultural Extension on Nature Conservation Management

Abstract

The article addresses how farmers learn to appropriate the gaze of the ‘new farmer’, by describing how farmers and advisers in the field discursively construct farmland under scrutiny for inclusion in government support schemes. Based on the findings, recommendations for successful agricultural extension are presented. The methodological perspective is an interaction analysis based on video recordings of advisory encounters. The analysis is focused on the professional vision of the participants. The results show how the participants manifest different professional visions when they walk through the same piece of land. Despite an interest in contributing to the encounter, insufficient access to relevant resources is an obstacle for the farmer. Due to asymmetries between the participants, the professional vision of the adviser becomes the dominating and acknowledged one, but the prerequisites are insufficient to afford learning by the farmer. To overcome this dilemma, we encourage reflection on the role of the adviser by challenging the frames for participation in extension encounters.     

An educational tool for outdoor education and environmental concern

The purpose of this paper is to suggest an outdoor education model that respects the need to critically discuss the general belief in a causal relationship between experiences of nature, environmentally-friendly attitudes and behavioural change, but that at the same time respects the legitimate claims on the part of outdoor education practice for concretisation and clarity. The foundation of this model consists of a combination of theoretical perspectives and models that have been generated through a number of Swedish interdisciplinary research projects concerning human interrelationships with the landscape during the last decade. The paper first focuses on the subtleties of environmental concern with the aid of an environmentally historic model of how care for nature and environmental protection successively developed during the last century. It then addresses different aspects of outdoor education by presenting two specific models: a model of two principally diverse motives for this education, and a model of three different approaches to the landscape when executing outdoor education. In the final section these models are assembled in a suggested model for outdoor education and environmental concern, and identify a handful of main educational paths. The paper concludes with a brief discussion about continued research and examples of what can be regarded as particularly important developments and additions to the suggested model.     

Characterization of the corrosion layer on iron archaeological artefacts from K2 (825–1220 AD), an archaeological site in South Africa

Abstract

A study of the composition and phase distribution of the corrosion layers on three ferrous objects, excavated at K2 (Bambandyanalo), an archaeological site in South Africa, was conducted. The objective of the study was to obtain information that can contribute to conservation procedures to be performed on the iron artefacts from this site. Examination of cross sections by means of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy coupled to a scanning electron microscope (SEM–EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed the same corrosion composition and structure for all the objects under study, namely an internal layer adjacent to the metal surface with ghost inclusions and an external layer containing quartz grains. The study also revealed that the presence of magnetite (Fe₃O₄), maghemite (γFe₂O₃), and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) within the internal layer is the only difference between the chemical compositions of iron corrosion products within the two layers. The results also made it possible to retrace the corrosion history during burial and long-term storage.     

Investigation and conservation of Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen's wax models

Abstract

The Danish sculptor Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen (1863–1945) often prepared three-dimensional models in wax before producing her works of art. The Carl Nielsen Museum in Odense keeps a unique collection of around 200 of the artist's fragile wax models. In 2008 the entire collection was examined, documented, X-ray radiographed, photographed, and conserved. Analyses of five figurines by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed two different kinds of wax mixtures, one containing beeswax and potato or maize starch as filler, and the other consisting of gypsum, zinc stearate, and a greasy substance. During the examination a specific deterioration phenomenon was noticed in the areas where the wax models had been strengthened with internal metal armatures. A chemical reaction between the wax mixture and the copper containing armature has caused an intense greenish colouring of the wax as well as creating a soft and almost liquid consistency and formation of copper(II) carboxylate salts. Based on an original recipe from Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen, a replica of one of the wax mixtures was produced and examined with respect to its infrared spectrum and its modelling properties.     

Embodiment unbound: Moving beyond divisions in the understanding and practice of heritage conservation

Abstract

This contribution discusses how embodied heritage values operate within a context of heritage sites, and tangible and intangible embodiments of what is valued as heritage. This is partly intended to re-contextualize ideas of material and materiality that have recently undergone reconsideration in conservation and heritage discourse. The paper questions the claim that ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ philosophies of conservation are very different, and that they can be characterized as being concerned with intangible and tangible heritage, respectively. This is based on the assertion that influential preservation doctrines are as much a product of the context and practical situations as they are a product of different philosophies and cultures. Well-known examples from East and West are discussed to highlight the similarities, as opposed to the differences, in approaches. The article goes on to discuss the UNESCO definition of intangible heritage (2003), which conflates the intangible embodiment of values with the intangible values attributable to all heritage. As a way to contextualize this, the article considers embodiment of heritage values as a means to express both intangible and tangible heritage sites (since neither embodiment nor sites have to be physical). This is described by way of a simple, pre-existing communication model that moves from information source (which transmits the message) through the medium (the heritage site or object) to the audience (heritage user). These insights are intended to provide a balanced perspective that accommodates both the site and the embodied values in order to help make and justify conservation decisions.     

中国湿地资源研究动态与发展趋势——纪念中国自然资源学会成立30周年

湿地是自然界重要的自然资源类型之一。保护湿地资源、维持湿地基本生态过程,对改善区域生态环境和保障社会经济持续发展具有重大意义。本文从湿地资源研究角度,通过查阅近20年来相关资料和文献分析,系统揭示了我国湿地资源研究特点与学科特征,并通过与国际湿地研究相比较,阐明我国未来湿地研究发展重点与趋势。得出基本结论:①我国湿地资源研究具有区域性、多样性、综合性和国际性特点;②从自然资源研究的学科特点来看,我国湿地研究重点领域逐渐由湿地资源调查、资源与地理研究向资源与生态、资源与环境以及技术方法应用等方面发展;③我国未来湿地资源研究具有研究区域不断扩大、空间尺度两级分化明显的特征,研究内容上表现为湿地与全球气候变化研究将成为新的热点与重点,研究方法不断由静态向动态过程、定性向定量以及机理性模型与新技术方法应用方向发展。     

生态旅游目的地研究进展概述

本文从生态旅游目的地的概念和内涵入手,介绍了国内外生态旅游目的地研究的主要问题和进展,包括生态旅游开发与保护、生态旅游目的地竞争力、生态旅游目的地评价等3个方面。针对国内生态旅游目的地研究中存在的问题,从发展的角度,提出国内生态旅游目的地研究的具体思路和方向。