南极磷虾渔业管理及其对中国的影响

南极磷虾资源量较大,但开发技术要求高。2008年我国有关政策明确了"支持和壮大远洋渔业",开发南极磷虾在一定程度上可以为我国远洋渔业提供一个新的机遇,并可缓解我国管辖海域渔业资源压力、为国内养殖业提供饲料来源。捕捞与加工技术的发展以及养殖业对饲料需求的增加,将会促进各国对南极磷虾资源的开发。南极生物资源养护委员会从1991年开始制定有关磷虾的养护措施。对于确定磷虾渔业,其养护措施规定的内容主要有:作业方式的准入、预防性捕捞限额、触发水平、渔期、观察员、数据收集、海洋环境保护等。探捕渔业需要得到养护委员会的批准方可进行,且在数据收集等方面比确定渔业严格。预计未来的磷虾渔业管理在数据报告、观察员覆盖率、提前通报等方面将严格规范,并对科学投入的要求越来越高。在此情形下,我国开发磷虾资源需要国家和企业间合作。国家需要增加对南极渔业生产的经济、技术支持,同时加强对企业及渔船管理;企业需要严格遵守各项养护措施,及时、准确报告有关数据,配合国家履行国际义务。     

试论预警原则与中国海洋渔业资源的可持续利用

预警原则作为一种新颖的环境资源管理手段,其对海洋渔业资源养护的有效性已为一些国际协定和国外立法所确认。适用预警原则应满足以下条件:存在不确定危险;遵循成本收益分析原则、比例原则和非歧视原则;并定期检查、适时调整。目前我国海洋渔业资源管理工作也面临着内外双重压力,有必要在未来制定一部《海洋生物资源养护和管理法》。而当务之急是尽快修订现行《渔业法》,将预警原则确定为我国海洋渔业资源管理的基本原则;同时,还应通过建立综合性海洋管理部门、大量搜集科学信息、拓展群众参与途径、以及根据各海域的具体情况,有针对性地实施预警原则,促进我国海洋渔业资源的可持续利用。     

Consolidation of paint on stained glass windows: Comparative study and new approaches

Stained glass windows belong to the most precious pieces of art in many European countries. Examples of heavily endangered paint on glass are reported in the literature and mainly related to condensation effects and air pollution, as stained glass windows preferably remain in their original architectural surrounding. Several surface coatings and paint treatments have been proposed to consolidate and protect degraded paint. Very often, the selection of the materials is based more on practical aspects than on scientific research. This study concerns the comparison of some traditional, modern and newly developed consolidants for the preservation of historic glass paintings. Experiments have been carried out with model painted glass samples simulating weathering phenomena of originals. Traditional materials like Paraloid B72, modern ones like SZA (proposed by the Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung, ISC), and three new consolidants prepared by the sol–gel method and based on different hybrid organic–inorganic alkyl-alkoxysilane systems have been considered. The adhesion, penetration, stability, hydrophobicity, mechanical and chemical resistance are properties and requirements tested to prove their effectiveness and range of use. The three new materials developed in this study for the consolidation of paint on glass have the potential to offer alternatives to existing materials. Nevertheless, further research is necessary before their application in restoration workshops can be recommended. A strategic approach is requested to avoid risks for these valuable historical originals and to contribute to the long-term preservation of the paint on stained glass windows in their original sites.     

Risk assessment: A comparative study of archive storage rooms

The goal of preventive conservation is to provide the correct maintenance of our cultural heritage in order to enrich our future. The Canadian Museum of Nature developed a risk model for preventive conservation that has proven useful in application to a Portuguese archive. This work applies this model to compare the magnitudes of specific risks estimated for this same archive collection when located in either of two pairs of storage rooms. These rooms are in two different parts of this building: two are in an older part and two are in a recent addition. It was, therefore, necessary to assess the building itself, both structurally and environmentally, as well as analyse its common human practices. In terms of the overall risk magnitude, the best room was found to be in the recent building and the worst in the older building. However, risks related to water problems were found to be higher in the new building. In this work cost-free measures and easy to implement recommendations are given in order to improve the quality of the storage rooms. A final comment on the method itself is also given.     

中国渔业资源养护与管理的法律制度评析

我国渔业资源养护与管理的基本法律制度初步形成于20世纪80年代后半期,90年代中期以来有所调整和加强,在基本立法上已经形成了较为完整的制度体系,并在渔船削减和禁渔措施方面取得了一定的成效,但仍存在法制不完善、现有制度未能全面执行的问题:①《渔业法》配套行政立法滞后;②部分已经实行的养护和管理措施尚未有立法予以规范;③现有的渔具限制、幼鱼保护等措施未能得到有效执行;④捕捞产出控制和渔业资源分配制度缺失,仍主要依靠捕捞投入控制和技术管理措施;⑤捕捞准入制度、捕捞统计管理制度等重要的基本制度缺乏。我国渔业资源养护与管理的法制建设,既需要加强现有制度的实施性立法,也要注重基础管理制度的完善,更为重要的是加强执行。建议:①严格执行现有较为完整的管理制度,特别是渔具数量、规格限制管理和幼鱼保护技术措施,并加强《渔业法》配套立法,提高《渔业法》的可执行性;②加强基础制度建设,特别是捕捞统计数据监督与核实制度、适合我国国情的渔业资源分配制度。     

Pollution monitoring by dosimetry and passive diffusion sampling for evaluation of environmental conditions for paintings in microclimate frames

Pollutants and their potential degradation of paintings have been measured for the first time in microclimate frames (mc-frames), which are used to protect paintings. The pollutants that were measured include both inorganic pollutants, which originate mainly from external sources, and organic pollutants from mainly internal sources. Those originating from the outdoors enter rooms and subsequently mc-frames at a rate depending on the ventilation rates (air exchange rates) of the mc-frames. The concentration of gaseous pollutants emitted within the mc-frames will depend on net emission rates of the materials used to make the mc-frames, their design, and their ventilation rates. In the EU PROPAINT project measurements of gaseous air pollutants and climatic conditions were performed at various locations both inside and outside different state-of-the-art mc-frames. Diffusive passive pollution gas samplers were used together with different types of dosimeters. Results show that the dosimeters respond to either the photo-oxidizing conditions or the level of volatile organic acids in the environments both in the museums and within the mc-frames. Two dosimeters, the Early Warning Organic (EWO) made from a synthetic polymer and the Resin Mastic coated Piezo electric Quartz Crystals (RM-PQC) respond to photo-oxidation and showed higher values outside than inside the mc-frames. Two other dosimeters, the Glass Slide Dosimeter (GSD) and the Lead coated Piezo electric Quartz Crystals (L-PQC) respond to volatile organic acids and yielded higher values inside than outside the mc-frames. This study emphasizes the need for further work to determine environmental damage functions for paintings, in particular for the effects of organic acids. Such information is essential for the evaluation of the protective effects of mc-frames for paintings. The use of mc-frames is increasing and it is very important to know that this protective measure does not introduce new risks.     

Conservation of historical reinforced concrete structures damaged by carbonation induced corrosion by means of electrochemical realkalisation

Electrochemical realkalisation is a technique aimed at stopping rebar corrosion in carbonated concrete. The alkalinity of the concrete around the rebars is restored, and an environment favourable to the passivation of steel is re-created. The technique is based on the application of a DC current from an anode, placed on the external surface of the concrete, and the rebar. The anode is usually embedded in cellulose pulp soaked with a solution of sodium or potassium carbonate. The rebar and the anode are connected to a DC current feeder, the rebar to the negative terminal and the anode to the positive terminal. The applied current produces alkalinity at the surface of the rebar, while the alkaline electrolyte in which the anode is immersed penetrates from the external surface. In this way the concrete is realkalised, its protective characteristics towards the steel are restored and rebars can return to passive conditions. The treatment is temporary: this feature makes it very attractive in the field of historical buildings and cultural heritage, where the conservation of the original materials and surfaces is often a stringent requirement in the design of the repair. This paper shows the advantages of this technique applied to historical structures by describing the application to a bell tower built in the 1920s. The electrochemical realkalisation treatment was applied to eight columns on the bell tower where a traditional repair (based on the substitution of carbonated concrete with a repair mortar) would have been practically impossible. The application of the treatment followed two steps: initially, a trial was made on two sections of two columns, so as to calibrate the process parameters such as current density, time length and type of anode. Subsequently, the treatment was applied to all the columns. The analyses carried out on the concrete after the application of the treatment showed that the protection to the reinforcement was mainly connected to the alkaline layer produced around the steel, which is expected to prevent further corrosion of the steel.     

我国档案保护技术研究现状及未来发展路径探析——以2006～2010年研究论文统计分析为依据

2006～2010年,档案保护技术研究成果显著,但也有诸多问题尚待解决.文章以我国档案事业类10大中文核心期刊(北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览(2008年版)》)为检索对象,通过对论文年度数量统计分析和年度内容统计分析,总结了我国档案保护技术研究的成绩,同时分析了存在的问题,并针对问题提出了科学的解决途径.     

跨界鱼类资源养护与管理的多边主义困境及中国的政策选择

跨界鱼类资源迅速衰退引起国际社会的普遍关注。《联合国海洋法公约》倡导多边主义路径,试图通过尽可能多地汇聚国际共同体成员的协调意志,使养护与管理跨界鱼类资源成为海洋资源可持续利用理念的核心范畴。《公约》并非专门性渔业资源养护公约,对跨界鱼类资源的养护目标也未作规定,对多边主义的内涵与外延在实践中也没有太大的发展。《21世纪议程》突出强调代际公平原则,激起人们对海洋渔业可持续开发的关注,但是它固守传统的捕鱼自由原则,存在与《公约》发生冲突的可能性。FAO守则属于供各国自愿遵守的不具法律约束力的软法规范,虽然它有助于推动建立责任渔业目标但是它没有实质性的执法机制,因此,它注定走向失败。鉴于多边主义困境难以突破,我们必须探寻新的路径。养护信托区能够破解传统国际法的诸多桎梏,当为我国养护与管理跨界鱼类资源的最佳政策选择。     

The inherent sharing of conservation decisions

Abstract

This paper provides an understanding of an under-explored aspect of the sharing of conservation decisions. In particular, it argues that conservation decisions are inherently shared in at least three senses. First, conservation is conceived as a field of shared values, principles, and decision-making methodology, and aspires to a universally shared ethic. This view is supported by the logical and ethical consistency of existing Codes of Ethics, and is made manifest with the aid of a conceptual model of what science is. Second, conservation decisions are conditioned by the identity of heritage entities. The values comprising the heritage identity of an entity transcend space and time boundaries; they are interrelated and interdependent and, as such, shared. Third, the benefits but also the harms stemming from conservation decisions and actions are distributed and shared among all people for whom the object of a conservation decision is heritage. As dictated by the do-no-harm principle, conservators have a duty to consider risks of such harms when making decisions.