都匀市螺丝壳水源林保护区现存珍稀濒危植物鹅掌楸天然分布

报道分布于都匀市螺丝壳水源林自然保护区鹅掌楸[Liriodendron (Hemsl.)Sarg.]珍稀濒危植物，并就该物种的生物形态特征、居群(Populstion)分布现状、地理分布以及科学研究与资源开发价值进行讨论。     

跨界鱼类资源养护与管理的多边主义困境及中国的政策选择

跨界鱼类资源迅速衰退引起国际社会的普遍关注。《联合国海洋法公约》倡导多边主义路径,试图通过尽可能多地汇聚国际共同体成员的协调意志,使养护与管理跨界鱼类资源成为海洋资源可持续利用理念的核心范畴。《公约》并非专门性渔业资源养护公约,对跨界鱼类资源的养护目标也未作规定,对多边主义的内涵与外延在实践中也没有太大的发展。《21世纪议程》突出强调代际公平原则,激起人们对海洋渔业可持续开发的关注,但是它固守传统的捕鱼自由原则,存在与《公约》发生冲突的可能性。FAO守则属于供各国自愿遵守的不具法律约束力的软法规范,虽然它有助于推动建立责任渔业目标但是它没有实质性的执法机制,因此,它注定走向失败。鉴于多边主义困境难以突破,我们必须探寻新的路径。养护信托区能够破解传统国际法的诸多桎梏,当为我国养护与管理跨界鱼类资源的最佳政策选择。     

Tools for assessing needs and impacts

The results of the ICCROM Forum 2013 on Conservation Science working group on Tools for assessing needs and impacts is presented. It is used as a starting point for a fundamental study of tools in general, tangible and intangible. The phenomenon of scientists and their organizations becoming defined by their tools, and unable to change when the needs of those they serve change, was noted by Kaplan in 1964. Part of the mechanism is the human tendency to solve any disagreement between new facts (like client needs) and old beliefs (such as the importance of one's toolset) by twisting the facts rather than the beliefs. Collins' proposal of three kinds of tacit knowledge, with collective tacit knowledge as the most difficult to make explicit, can explain common problems of interpretation and communication of assessments, and guide strategies for reliable tools. Kaufmann's ideas on the structuring of needs assessment by levels, and the distinction between macro outputs and mega outcomes, is combined with Maslow's five basic human needs, as well as the three pillars of sustainability, to produce an overall map of where needs assessment tools operate, and where conservation science organizations fit into this structure.     

Risk assessment: A comparative study of archive storage rooms

The goal of preventive conservation is to provide the correct maintenance of our cultural heritage in order to enrich our future. The Canadian Museum of Nature developed a risk model for preventive conservation that has proven useful in application to a Portuguese archive. This work applies this model to compare the magnitudes of specific risks estimated for this same archive collection when located in either of two pairs of storage rooms. These rooms are in two different parts of this building: two are in an older part and two are in a recent addition. It was, therefore, necessary to assess the building itself, both structurally and environmentally, as well as analyse its common human practices. In terms of the overall risk magnitude, the best room was found to be in the recent building and the worst in the older building. However, risks related to water problems were found to be higher in the new building. In this work cost-free measures and easy to implement recommendations are given in order to improve the quality of the storage rooms. A final comment on the method itself is also given.     

Conservation of historical reinforced concrete structures damaged by carbonation induced corrosion by means of electrochemical realkalisation

Electrochemical realkalisation is a technique aimed at stopping rebar corrosion in carbonated concrete. The alkalinity of the concrete around the rebars is restored, and an environment favourable to the passivation of steel is re-created. The technique is based on the application of a DC current from an anode, placed on the external surface of the concrete, and the rebar. The anode is usually embedded in cellulose pulp soaked with a solution of sodium or potassium carbonate. The rebar and the anode are connected to a DC current feeder, the rebar to the negative terminal and the anode to the positive terminal. The applied current produces alkalinity at the surface of the rebar, while the alkaline electrolyte in which the anode is immersed penetrates from the external surface. In this way the concrete is realkalised, its protective characteristics towards the steel are restored and rebars can return to passive conditions. The treatment is temporary: this feature makes it very attractive in the field of historical buildings and cultural heritage, where the conservation of the original materials and surfaces is often a stringent requirement in the design of the repair. This paper shows the advantages of this technique applied to historical structures by describing the application to a bell tower built in the 1920s. The electrochemical realkalisation treatment was applied to eight columns on the bell tower where a traditional repair (based on the substitution of carbonated concrete with a repair mortar) would have been practically impossible. The application of the treatment followed two steps: initially, a trial was made on two sections of two columns, so as to calibrate the process parameters such as current density, time length and type of anode. Subsequently, the treatment was applied to all the columns. The analyses carried out on the concrete after the application of the treatment showed that the protection to the reinforcement was mainly connected to the alkaline layer produced around the steel, which is expected to prevent further corrosion of the steel.     

Pollution monitoring by dosimetry and passive diffusion sampling for evaluation of environmental conditions for paintings in microclimate frames

Pollutants and their potential degradation of paintings have been measured for the first time in microclimate frames (mc-frames), which are used to protect paintings. The pollutants that were measured include both inorganic pollutants, which originate mainly from external sources, and organic pollutants from mainly internal sources. Those originating from the outdoors enter rooms and subsequently mc-frames at a rate depending on the ventilation rates (air exchange rates) of the mc-frames. The concentration of gaseous pollutants emitted within the mc-frames will depend on net emission rates of the materials used to make the mc-frames, their design, and their ventilation rates. In the EU PROPAINT project measurements of gaseous air pollutants and climatic conditions were performed at various locations both inside and outside different state-of-the-art mc-frames. Diffusive passive pollution gas samplers were used together with different types of dosimeters. Results show that the dosimeters respond to either the photo-oxidizing conditions or the level of volatile organic acids in the environments both in the museums and within the mc-frames. Two dosimeters, the Early Warning Organic (EWO) made from a synthetic polymer and the Resin Mastic coated Piezo electric Quartz Crystals (RM-PQC) respond to photo-oxidation and showed higher values outside than inside the mc-frames. Two other dosimeters, the Glass Slide Dosimeter (GSD) and the Lead coated Piezo electric Quartz Crystals (L-PQC) respond to volatile organic acids and yielded higher values inside than outside the mc-frames. This study emphasizes the need for further work to determine environmental damage functions for paintings, in particular for the effects of organic acids. Such information is essential for the evaluation of the protective effects of mc-frames for paintings. The use of mc-frames is increasing and it is very important to know that this protective measure does not introduce new risks.     

明党参的遗传多样性研究

 对珍稀特有单种属植物明党参的4个居群的材料,从物种生物学及保护生物学的角度,对它们 的遗传多样性进行了研究和分析。研究结果表明：各居群染色体数目恒定(2n=20),核型类型均为2A型,居群间存在核型多型性,主要表现为染色体的杂合性及随体染色体的位置也有一定变化。采用淀粉凝胶电泳方法,分析了10个酶系统,获得19个基因位点的资料,分析结果表明：居群的遗传变异处于较低水平,多态性位点比率P=33.35％,等位基因平均数A=1.43,等位酶基因多样度指数 Ho：0.03,He=0.07。总的基因位点变异中,有58％的变异来自于居群间,42％的变异存在于居群内,居群杂合体过量的位点仅为13％。偏东部居群的遗传多态性比西南部居群高。根据明党参居群遗传变异式样并结合相关研究,提出了其遗传多样性保护策略。     

中国渔业资源养护与管理的法律制度评析

我国渔业资源养护与管理的基本法律制度初步形成于20世纪80年代后半期,90年代中期以来有所调整和加强,在基本立法上已经形成了较为完整的制度体系,并在渔船削减和禁渔措施方面取得了一定的成效,但仍存在法制不完善、现有制度未能全面执行的问题:①《渔业法》配套行政立法滞后;②部分已经实行的养护和管理措施尚未有立法予以规范;③现有的渔具限制、幼鱼保护等措施未能得到有效执行;④捕捞产出控制和渔业资源分配制度缺失,仍主要依靠捕捞投入控制和技术管理措施;⑤捕捞准入制度、捕捞统计管理制度等重要的基本制度缺乏。我国渔业资源养护与管理的法制建设,既需要加强现有制度的实施性立法,也要注重基础管理制度的完善,更为重要的是加强执行。建议:①严格执行现有较为完整的管理制度,特别是渔具数量、规格限制管理和幼鱼保护技术措施,并加强《渔业法》配套立法,提高《渔业法》的可执行性;②加强基础制度建设,特别是捕捞统计数据监督与核实制度、适合我国国情的渔业资源分配制度。     

广州市饮用水源保护地土地利用格局与水安全

水源保护与饮用水安全是城市发展的必要条件,划定饮用水源地保护区和规范人们的生产与生活方式是保证饮用水安全的重要举措。基于3S技术,本文对广州市饮用水源地保护区的土地利用结构、空间配置及其与饮用水安全的关系进行探讨。主要结论为：①广州市饮用水源地保护区在一定程度上保证了饮用水安全,但仍存在滞后与跨区协调等问题;②二级保护区和准保护区内土地利用数量结构不一,前者建设用地面积最大,耕地次之,后者正好相反,暗示不同区域采取水质保护措施时,应关注不同的污染源;③景观格局特征显示,各保护区土地利用的特征或者特征某一方面不同,如凝聚度和分维数指数的差异较小,多样性和破碎度则正好相反。结果还表明,已有的保护区内仍有较强烈的人为活动。     

The influence of individual values on internet use: A multinational study

Schwartz’s value theory (SVT) is widely used in a number of disciplines but infrequently in information systems (IS) research. The theory was intended to be applied at an individual level, unlike Hofstede’s cultural theory at national level. Schwartz’s ten low-order values (LOVs) can be combined into four high-order values (HOVs): self-enhancement (which includes the LOVs of achievement and power); openness to change (which includes the values of stimulation, self-direction, and hedonism); conservation (which includes security, tradition, and conformity); and self-transcendence (which includes universalism and benevolence). This study investigates the influence of Schwartz’s four HOVs on Internet use (IU) in 25 European nations. After controlling for age, education, income, and gender, we find strong evidence of the influence of Schwartz’s HOVs of openness to change (positive) and conservation (negative) upon IU. There is partial evidence for the influence of self-enhancement and self-transcendence upon IU. The implications of the findings and recommendations for future studies are also discussed.