Apoptosis in health and disease and modulation of apoptosis for therapy: An overview

Apoptosis a physiological mechanism that eliminates excessive, damaged or unwanted cells, is a highly regulated pathway important for maintaining homeostasis in multicellular organisms. It can be initiated through various signals via the extrinsic pathway which involves death receptors, or via the intrinsic pathway which is initiated by intracellular damage and involves the mitochondria and release of cytochrome c from it to further activate caspases. The Bcl-2 family of proteins is situated upstream to the irreversible damage of cellular constituents and is an important checkpoint in the fate of a cell. The pro-apoptotic members, BH3 only members include BID, BAD and BIM. They directly or indirectly activate multidomain BAX/BAK that constitute the requisite gateway to the intrinsic pathway which operates at the mitochondrial surface and endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, antiapoptotic members such as Bcl-2, Bcl-XL bind and sequester activation. Downstream of mitochondria, the apoptosome involvement is seen to generate caspase activity. Post mitochondria regulation involves IAPs, and their inhibitors. The pathogenesis of several diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune disorders, heart disease, infectious diseases including AIDS is closely related to aberrant apoptosis. Consequently interest has emerged in employing various the rapeutic approaches such as gene therapy, antisense therapy, recombinant biologicals, organic and combinatorial chemistry, to specifically target apoptosis signaling pathways such as death receptors FAS/TRAIL, Bcl-2, p53, IAPs, SMAC and caspases, etc. and are now advancing from preclinical to clinical phase.     

死刑存废论探析

限制直至废除死刑的做法,已在世界范围内得到普遍认同和推广。然死刑的存废之争由来已久,且此起彼伏,连绵不绝。在死刑存废的十字路口,何去何从不仅是一个理论问题,而且是一个实践问题。     

Attention towards the goalkeeper and distraction during penalty shootouts in association football: a retrospective analysis of penalty shootouts from 1984 to 2012

In the present study, we tested the consequences of attention towards goalkeepers in association football penalty shootouts that have exclusively been derived from laboratory experiments. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all penalty shootouts during FIFA World Cups (1986–2010) and UEFA European Football Championships (1984–2012). We linked key variables of previous laboratory research to observable behaviour in the field that was coded by two independent coders. The following hypotheses were tested: first, attention towards goalkeepers results in more saves/better goalkeeper performance; second, goalkeepers can deliberately distract penalty takers by drawing attention towards themselves which results in less accurate penalty kicks/better goalkeeper performance. Results were in line with previous laboratory analyses as they showed that attention towards goalkeepers resulted in more saves/better goalkeeping performance. Further, if goalkeepers distracted penalty takers this also resulted in better goalkeeping performance. The applied implications of these findings are discussed for both goalkeepers and penalty takers in association football.     

《推销员之死》中的美国社会

就搏斗在第一线的推销员威利.洛曼的命运,分析了美国的社会环境,集中论述了美国社会的价值标准如何促成了小人物窘迫的生存现实。     

从《林中之死》中看舍伍德·安德森的死亡意识

死亡是文学作品的永恒主题。舍伍德·安德森在其作品《林中之死》中用朴素的语言讲述了一个老妇人的死亡故事,展现了人类灵魂的卑微与善恶。真实地渗透了安德森的死亡意识。故事情节虽简单,安德森却用浪漫主义手法将死亡描写得哀怨动人,震撼人心。     

死刑问题浅析

死刑问题一直是近年来学界关注的热点 ,在存与废 ,限制与扩张问题上都有两种截然相反的主张 ,至今尚无定论。从目前我国实际来看存置死刑是必然的 ,但在今后死刑的发展上仍要坚持“严格限制“的原则     

1348年黑死病与欧洲文艺复兴

黑死病与文艺复兴都是14世纪有重大历史意义的事件.它们都对欧洲历史发展轨迹产生了巨大的影响.以往学术界对两者之间的历史关联重视程度不足,对黑死病研究多集中于它对中世纪欧洲社会政治和经济的影响方面,而对黑死病对欧洲文化转型方面的影响比较漠视.黑死病这场席卷了整个中世纪欧洲恐怖的生态灾难,在造成社会财富和人口巨大毁灭的同时,也在客观上对欧洲文艺复兴的兴起起到了催化剂的作用.作为欧洲历史上第一次思想文化解放运动的文艺复兴,正是在黑死病后加快了发展步伐,蔚然成为一股新的历史潮流,奏响了欧洲近代化转型的前奏.     

拜伦的生命意识解读

拜伦是一个有着强烈生命意识的作家．他以自身的生命历程和文学实践从不同角度和层面对死亡、生存、生命价值等个体生命的自主意识进行了阐释,以其独特的见解及其实践而形成了一个引人注目的、比较独特的文学现象。拜伦的生命意识是我们解读其作品的一扇窗口。     

析影响篮球罚球命中率的心理因素

采用问卷调查法、文献资料和数理统计法,从心理学的角度对影响篮球罚球命中率的心理进行了分析与研究。对南京邮电学院2002年校队队员男12人,女12人共计24人进行问卷调查,通过对大学生高水平运动队篮球运动员在比赛中影响罚球命中率的心理因素的研究,以便更好的为教练、教师对队员、学生的心理训练提供参考依据。     

From the Baedeker to the bull ring and the boxing ring: spaces of sport in Death in the Afternoon (1932)

ABSTRACT

Through his work, Death in the Afternoon (1932), Ernest Hemingway provides access to international cultural heritage that States-side readers might not have otherwise. In crossing inquiries regarding space and sports together, the intimate relationship between the two comes to the forefront, emphasising Hemingway’s passion for both. Readers may ask themselves if Hemingway uses sports to write about Spain, or if he uses Spain to write about sports: the two topics are intrinsically linked, especially in this work of non-fiction dedicated to the sport of bullfighting. In this analysis based on a geocritical approach and literary cartography, I am going to study the relationship between narrative spaces and sports to pinpoint how and to what extent Hemingway exploits Spanish geography and the sport of bullfighting as representative of a system of sportsmanship values. More precisely, this analysis will identify Hemingway’s spatial intertextuality of bullfighting Spain, the multiplicity of geographic scales, and the stratification of sports spaces. By aligning the Spanish ‘art’ with athletics known to the American audience, Hemingway renders the unknown ‘knowable’, without requiring readers to be ‘always looking at map’.