我国信息化现状及其发展趋势探析

文章阐述了我国信息化建设的现状，探讨了其发展进程中存在的问题，提出了推进信息化建设的举措。     

徐连低山丘陵区土地资源的合理利用

徐连低山丘陵区光热水资源比较丰富，劳力充足，区位优越，但是目前土地利用不合理，水土流失较为严重。为了充分发挥该区的土地资源优势，搞好水土保持，保护生态环境，必须调整用地结构，扩大林地面积；建设一批稻麦、花生、研究、果品、用材料、牛、兔等商品生产基地，发展高产优质高效农业；同时加强工程措施，提高环境整治效益     

基于Kohonen神经网络的中国土地资源综合分区

本文在综述我国土地资源综合分区研究进展的基础上，建立了土地资源综合分区的原则、依据和等级体系。在前人相关工作的基础上，采用自上而下的演绎途径，根据水热气候指标与地势差异划分出我国的11个土地资源区，即东北山地平原农林用地区、华北平原旱作农业与工矿建设用地区、黄土高原旱作农业与林牧用地区、四川盆地及秦岭山地农林用地区、长江中下游平原农渔与工矿建设用地区、江南丘陵山地农林用地区、云贵高原农林用地区、华南、滇南热带亚热带农林渔果与工矿建设用地区、内蒙古高原及长城沿线旱作农业与牧业用地区、西北内陆干旱荒漠与绿洲农牧用地区、青藏高原高寒荒漠与林牧用地区；在各土地资源区内部，采用自下而上归并的途径，依据区域土地资源利用结构与社会经济属性指标，以县为基本单元，应用Kohonen网络进行非监督分类，在全国续分出41个土地资源亚区。     

Gender and IT in the Household: Evolving Patterns of Internet Use in the United States

Information technology (IT)—computers and related technologies—is the latest technology to enter the household. Like other technologies, gender is a major factor in its adoption and use as well as its perceived usefulness. Unlike prior household technologies, the computer's entry into the household has followed a different pattern. Early statistics revealed a vast gender divide, with men using computers and related technologies much more in the household. More recent statistics show a narrowing of the divide, perhaps even a reversal, particularly in the United States, with women outnumbering men in the access to and use of the Internet. In this article, the role of gender and its relationship with Internet use in the home are reviewed. In addition to overall adoption and access, the review focuses on specific Internet applications and examines the factors that contribute to gender differences in adoption and use of computers and Internet applications in the home.     

冠果草的胚胎学研究

冠果草花药壁的发育为单子口十型，绒毡层为周原质团型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型，四分体呈左右对称式排列，成熟花粉为三细胞型。双珠被，假厚珠心，倒生胚珠。胚囊发育为葱型，成熟胚囊的特点是两个极核分别位于中央细胞两端，不融合成次生核。受精过程中，一个精于与卵核融合形成合子，另一精子先与珠孔端极核融合，之后受精极核再移动到合点端与另一极核融合，形成初生胚乳核。胚的发育为石竹型。成熟胚呈马蹄形，具有2片真叶。胚乳发育为沼生目型。随着胚的发育，胚乳细胞逐渐解体，成熟种子中无胚乳。     

2011—2015年中国科协科技期刊网站建设进展

【目的】全面系统地调查中国科协所属1081种科技期刊2011—2015年的网站建设情况,以了解中国科协所属期刊网站建设的最新进展。【方法】 2015年5月至6月对中国科协所属1081种期刊的刊名进行全面搜索,调查这些期刊的网站建设数量和上网形式、网站功能与技术服务情况,并与2011年的相关调查结果进行比较分析。【结果】 2015年,中国科协1081种科技期刊中有915种建设了网站,占84.6%,所占比例比2011年增加了14.9个百分点。基于915种期刊网站的统计表明,有590种（占64.5%）发布论文的全文,所占比例比2011年增加了19.6个百分点;在网站上实现在线预出版的中国科协科技期刊有111种（占12.1%）,所占比例比2011年增加了4.3个百分点;有78.8%以上的期刊网站上具有一种以上的稿件在线处理功能,比2011年增加了14.9个百分点。【结论】 2011—2015年的5年间,中国科协科技期刊网站在数量增加的同时总体质量也有所提升。     

Software vulnerability due to practical drift

The proliferation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) into all aspects of life poses unique ethical challenges as our modern societies become increasingly dependent on the flawless operation of these technologies. As we increasingly entrust our privacy, our well-being and our lives to an ever greater number of computers we need to look more closely at the risks and ethical implications of these developments. By emphasising the vulnerability of software and the practice of professional software developers, we want to make clear the ethical aspects of producing potentially flawed software. This paper outlines some of the vulnerabilities associated with software systems and identifies a number of social and organisational factors affecting software developers and contributing to these vulnerabilities. Scott A. Snook’s theory of practical drift is used as the basis for our analysis. We show that this theory, originally developed to explain the failure of a military organisation, can be used to understand how professional software developers “drift away” from procedures and processes designed to ensure quality and prevent software vulnerability. Based on interviews with software developers in two Norwegian companies we identify two areas where social factors compel software developers to drift away from a global set of rules constituting software development processes and methods. Issues of pleasure and control and difference in mental models contribute to an uncoupling from established practices designed to guarantee the reliability of software and thus diminish its vulnerability.     

Weak Ties in Networked Communities

Communities with high levels of social capital are likely to have a higher quality of life than communities with low social capital. This is due to the greater ability of such communities to organize and mobilize effectively for collective action because they have high levels of social trust, dense social networks, and well-established norms of mutuality (the major features of social capital). Communities with “bridging” social capital (weak ties across groups) as well as “bonding” social capital (strong ties within groups) are the most effective in organizing for collective action. People who belong to multiple groups act as bridging ties. When people with bridging ties use communication media, such as the Internet, they enhance their capability to educate community members and to organize, as needed, for collective action. This article summarizes evidence from stratified household survey data in Blacksburg, VA, showing that people with weak (bridging) ties across groups have higher levels of community involvement, civic interest, and collective efficacy than people without bridging ties among groups. Moreover, heavy Internet users with bridging ties have higher social engagement, use the Internet for social purposes, and have been attending more local meetings and events since going online than heavy Internet users with no bridging ties. These findings may suggest that the Internet—in the hands of bridging individuals-is a tool for enhancing social relations and information exchange, and for increasing face-to-face interaction, all of which help to build both bonding and bridging social capital in communities.     

土地生态类型规划与设计方法探讨——以舒兰县水曲柳乡为例

土地生态类型是根据景观生态学原理，对特定地区土地资源所作的类型划分。它既是区域土地生态经济评价与优化布局的基本单元，也是土地生态规划与设计的重要基础。土地生态类型规划与设计作为协调人地关系的有效途径，越来越受到人们的关注，在实践中也得到了较为广泛的应用。该文重点研究了土地生态规划与设计的基本原则和方法，主要以舒兰县水曲柳乡为例，对小流域土地生态系统进行了模拟与分析，并在土地生态类型划分的基础上，提出了不同土地类型生态设计的优化模型与对策。     

冀西北黄土丘陵区小流域综合治理和土地利用模式研究

水土流失是冀西北黄土丘陵土地退化和农业经济落后的主要原因之一，而不合理的土地利用结构，粗放耕作，广种薄收等因素又使该区土壤侵蚀日益严重。本文应用遥感方法通过对典型市区涿鹿县石瓮小流域土壤侵蚀的定量分析和土地利用现状的调整及其主要问题的剖析，将水土保持规划和土地利用结构优化有机地结合了起来，充分体现了水土保持的综合治理原则和土地资源合理原则，以及生态效益和经济效益科学统一的原则。初步提出了一套河滩水浇地基本农田带——梁峁缓坡地集约经营梯田果林带——梁峁陡坡地旱作果粮间作带——梁峁顶部缓坡地旱粮作物——土—石过渡区、石质山灌木林和用材林带的以农果为主、多种经营立体布局的小流域综合治理和土地利用模式，在冀西北黄土丘陵区县有推广意义。