Perpetrators and context of child sexual abuse in Kenya

Child sexual abuse (CSA) interventions draw from a better understanding of the context of CSA. A survey on violence before age 18 was conducted among respondents aged 13–17 and 18–24 years. Among females (13–17), the key perpetrators of unwanted sexual touching (UST) were friends/classmates (27.0%) and among males, intimate partners (IP) (35.9%). The first incident of UST among females occurred while traveling on foot (33.0%) and among males, in the respondent's home (29.1%). Among females (13–17), the key perpetrators of unwanted attempted sex (UAS) were relatives (28.9%) and among males, friends/classmates (31.0%). Among females, UAS occurred mainly while traveling on foot (42.2%) and among males, in school (40.8%). Among females and males (18–24 years), the main perpetrators of UST were IP (32.1% and 43.9%) and the first incident occurred mainly in school (24.9% and 26.0%), respectively. The main perpetrators of UAS among females and males (18–24 years) were IP (33.3% and 40.6%, respectively). Among females, UAS occurred while traveling on foot (32.7%), and among males, in the respondent's home (38.8%); UAS occurred mostly in the evening (females 60.7%; males 41.4%) or afternoon (females 27.8%; males 37.9%). Among females (18–24 years), the main perpetrators of pressured/forced sex were IP and the first incidents occurred in the perpetrator's home. Prevention interventions need to consider perpetrators and context of CSA to increase their effectiveness. In Kenya, effective CSA prevention interventions that target intimate relationships among young people, the home and school settings are needed.     

‘Let the People Sing’: J.B. Priestley and the Significance of Music

Abstract

In a writing life that spanned the 1910 to 1970s, J.B. Priestley engaged with a variety of subjects, across various literary forms, ranging from politics, popular culture and Englishness through to theories of time. However it has rarely been noted that he also wrote passionately and knowledgeably about music, with the latter playing an important role in key novels, plays and nonfiction. Priestley also promoted chamber festivals, wrote the libretto for an opera ‘The Olympians’, and even occasionally performed himself. Priestley’s writings on music fitted into his concerns about the rise of an Americanized mass order, and his mistrust of commericalized musical forms was shared by other critics of the time. However, Priestley’s work is more significant than a binary high/low low cultural validation of classical music/dismissal of more popular musical forms. He was often critical of jazz and ragtime, but more positive about popular music that was produced in, reflected, and empowered the individual and community. Priestley’s writings on music marked a genuine attempt at understanding the role of music in culture, and contributed to his democratic critique of the mass society.     

虐妻型家庭暴力的特征、成因及法律对策

作为家庭暴力主要形式的虐妻型家庭暴力严重危害妇女身心健康，侵犯妇女合法权益，破坏社会稳定和发展，已引起全社会的广泛关注。针对虐妻型家庭暴力的特征、成因、预防与对策等方面谈了一些拙见，以期人们从法律、社会、心理各层面对受害妇女给予更全面、更具体、更适当的协助．以期取得更好的社会效果。     

国内外反球场观众暴力的立法

采用文献资料和访谈，探讨国内外反球场观众暴力立法的有关问题，结果表明：为了遏制球场观众的暴力行为，意大利、英国等国家纷纷出台相应的专门性法律，并在防范和控制足球观众暴力上取得了较好的效果；面对近年来我国球场上经常发生的球迷闹事事件，依法治理是根本，目前应该借鉴国外反球场观众暴力立法的经验．加快我国反球场观众暴力立法的进程。     

Intrafamilial conflict and emotional well-being: a population based study among Icelandic adolescents

Objectives

During intrafamilial conflicts children are often innocent bystanders, caught in the crossfire. In such situations, they are at increased risk to become directly involved in abusive verbal behavior of the perpetrator, and exposed to being shouted or yelled at, threatened, rejected and even physically abused. The present study has two main objectives: (1) ascertain a national base rate of intrafamilial conflicts and physical violence at home among Icelandic adolescents; and (2) to investigate the association of witnessing and/or having been a part of intrafamilial conflict or physical violence at home with variables that relate to mental health and well-being.

Methods

The participants were 3,515 students, 14- and 15-year-old, in the national compulsory school system in Iceland. As a part of the 2003 ESPAD survey, each pupil was asked about experiences of severe verbal arguments and physical violence at home as well as their background, behaviors, and mental health assessed with the use of tested measurement scales such as the Symptom Distress Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

Results

About 22% of the participants stated that they had witnessed a severe verbal argument between parents and 34% stated that they had been involved in a severe verbal argument with parents. This rate was slightly higher for girls compared to boys. All together 7% of adolescents had witnessed physical violence at home where an adult was involved and 6% of the participants stated that they had experiences of being involved in physical violence at home where an adult was involved. Witnessing or being involved in severe verbal arguments at home and/or witnessing or being involved in physical violence with an adult was significantly associated with greater levels of depression, anger, and anxiety, and negatively related with self-esteem (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Many adolescents in Iceland witness severe parental verbal arguments or physical violence between adults in their homes and some are directly involved in such acts. It affects their long-term emotional and behavioral development and well-being.

Practice implications

Preventive measures have to be implemented at an early age and should include, but not be limited to, information on disciplining and upbringing of children and the negative impact of intrafamilial conflicts on the long-term health of their children. Due attention should be given to the health and well-being of children where such violence is known to occur.     

Conflict in the family: A continuing education course produced by the open university

This course, first presented by the Open University in 1980, is designed for independent study by people who, in the course of their working lives, come into contact with families suffering serious internal conflicts which place any members—adult or child—in danger of physical or emotional abuse in their own home. The course has been developed at a level which should make it a serious contribution to in-service training for a wide variety of professionals and experienced voluntary workers. It is unique in that it not only examines constructive and destructive aspects of conflict but also integrates written material (16 units) with an audiovisual component (8 TV programmes and 7 cassette tapes) on prevention, diagnosis and intervention relating to the whole spectrum of family conflict and violence including child abuse, sexual abuse, adolescent abuse, spouse abuse, abuse of and by the elderly and abuse of parents by their children. This paper provides a brief outline of the course aims, objectives and content together with information on its usage in the UK and the availability of certain components for international usage.     

陕感·欲望·补充——浅析电影中的暴力镜像

暴力与主体休戚相关,对暴力的真正解读乃是还原其心理的创伤维度。暴力,是在压抑中回归的本我快感,撕裂庸常的中产阶级生活;是超越认同的自我欲望,树立起固执的主体姿态;是对秩序与法的超我补充,呼唤当代集体的出场。各种暴力影像彼此错位、互指、交涉,形成一座庞大的镜城,身陷其中的破碎个体借此获得一种身份的整合。     

我国反家庭暴力应引人民事保护令制度

我国现行反家庭暴力的法律体系缺乏整体性规范,可操作性不强。2008年试点法院为保护家庭暴力受害人而核发的“人身安全保护裁定”,虽受到社会的普遍关注,但也给人们带来了困惑。民事保护令制度始创于美国,我国台湾地区引入并加以完善。民事保护令制度能为家庭暴力受害人提供较传统法律更为快捷有效的救济．并且能减少加害人再度使用暴力的可能性。我国应引入民事保护令制度,以有效保护家庭暴力受害人,促进家庭与社会的和谐。     

媒介暴力的正负效应及社会控制

“中国媒介暴力第一案”的发生和公开报道,引发了人们对于“媒介暴力”问题的极大关注,而且,关于媒介暴力的内涵问题,关于媒介暴力的效应问题,以及关于媒介暴力的社会控制等问题,也在业界以及学术界引起广泛讨论。“媒介暴力”问题作为现实社会当中的一个实践性很强的问题,能不能单纯地从理论上为其下一个精确的定义并不十分重要。最关键的还是在其具体内涵上能够统一认识,从而能够使得我们对于社会控制的研究更有针对性。在瞬息万变的现代社会。分析媒介暴力及其控制是一个极为复杂的课题．我们要抱以科学的态度、冷静的头脑、与时俱进的方法,才能最有效的保障我国大众媒介在一个规范、纯净的环境下继续发展繁荣。