Chemistry problem solving instruction: a comparison of three computer-based formats for learning from hierarchical network problem representations

Within the cognitive load theory framework, we designed and compared three alternative instructional solution formats that can be derived from a common static hierarchical network representation depicting problem structure. The interactive-solution format permitted students to search in self-controlled manner for solution steps, static-solution format displayed all solutions steps, and no-solution format did not have solution steps. When we matched instructional time across the formats, in relation to the complex molarity problems rather than the dilution problems, differential transfer performance existed between the static-solution or no-solution formats and the interactive-solution format, but not between the static-solution format and no-solution format. The manner in which learners interact with the static-solution and no-solution formats depends on their level of expertise in the chemistry domain. With considerable learner expertise, provision of solution steps may be redundant incurring extraneous cognitive load. Absence of the solution steps may not have left sufficient cognitive capacity for germane cognitive load as some beginning learners lacked the prior knowledge to deduce the solution steps. Searching for solution steps presumably incurred extraneous cognitive load which interfered with learning and hence, in the interactive-solution format, it outweighed the benefit of engaging in self-regulated interaction with the content. Hence, cognitive load theory is a promising tool to predict the mental load associated with learning from the three alternative computer-based instructional formats.     

管理类专业多维组合教学法的理论研究与实践

任何一种教学方法都有其局限与不足,为此,作者试图通过融合两种以上教学方法,如实践＋探究式、单向灌输＋双向互动＋多向互动式、框架＋案例式、单向灌输式＋峰终体验式等多维组合,互相取长补短,以弥补单一教学方法之不足。实践证明是可行的。     

反问特有的句法结构

反问特有的句法结构指只能用来反问而不能用来询问的句法结构。对反问特有格式的归纳,宜小不宜大,宜细不宜粗。如果对反问句的格式进行甄别和梳理,穷尽地归纳,可将其总结为37种。此外,还有一些固定短语构成的唯反问格式。     

产业重构背景下的复合型旅游业态浅析

复合型旅游业态是现代旅游业转型升级过程中涌现出的新型旅游业态。运营商通过业务复合、空间复合和客源复合等运作方式满足和引导游客日益多元的旅游需求,形成了诸如＂旅行社＋航空＂、＂旅游＋地产＂、＂影视＋旅游＂、＂商业＋旅游＂、＂农业＋旅游＂、＂会展＋酒店＂、＂旅行社＋酒店＋租车公司＋旅游景点＂等复合旅游业态。复合型旅游业态在管理模式、经营模式和盈利模式上也呈现出了一定的运营规律。     

国外最新图书馆战略规划体例研究——基于51份战略规划文本的分析

以51个国外最新的战略规划文本为主要依据,采用数理统计的方法对战略规划体例进行宏观分析,并按使用频率对体例进行等级划分,得出必备体例、核心体例、常用体例与备选体例;按内容特点将体例要素归纳为介绍性体例、定位性体例与战略性体例进行深入细化分析,并介绍SWOT分析、绩效评估与风险管理等三类特色体例;总结国外战略规划的优势与特点,结合我国实际给出相应建议,为我国图书馆战略规划文本的编排和撰写提供有意义的参考和借鉴。     

如何撰写科技论文

科技论文具有逻辑性、规范性的特点,为了突出这些特点,在科技论文的撰写过程中就要掌握必要的规范和原则。对科技论文的撰写格式作了详细说明,希望对科技论文的撰写者有所帮助。     

三维空间中Euler方程的有限差分方法

研究三维Euler方程具有非常重要的意义,但是我们很难求得此方程的精确解,目前就理论上做了少量工作,构造了部分精确解,主要构造Euler方程的数值解为现实生活提供一些信息;因此,将从数值解入手,研究三维Euler方程向后差分格式和Lax-Friedrichs格式的解及精确解,利用MATLAB程序做差分解和误差的图像,同时讨论他们的解的优缺点.     

撰写英语学士学位论文应注意的问题

英语专业本科毕业生撰写学士学位论时，往往在论格式和字表达方面存在较大的问题。在对此进行分析的基础上，提出了改进意见，以期提高论质量，顺利通过论答辩。     

How to improve statistical thinking: Choose the task representation wisely and learn by doing

Attempts to teach statistical thinking usingcorrective feedback or a rule-training approach havebeen only moderately successful. A new trainingapproach is proposed which relies on the assumptionthat the human mind is naturally equipped to solvemany statistical tasks in which the relevantinformation is presented in terms of absolutefrequencies instead of probabilities. In aninvestigation of this approach, people were trained tosolve tasks involving conjunctive and conditionalprobabilities using a frequency grid to representprobability information. It is suggested that learningby doing, whose importance was largely neglected inprior training studies, has played a major role in thecurrent training. Study 1 showed that training thatcombines external pictorial representations andlearning by doing has a large and lasting effect onhow well people can solve conjunctive probabilitytasks. A ceiling effect prevented comparison of thefrequency grid and a conventional pictorialrepresentation (Venn diagrams) with respect toeffectiveness. However, the grid representation wasfound to be more effective in Study 2, which dealtwith the more difficult topic of conditionalprobabilities. These results suggest methods tooptimize the teaching of statistical thinking and thepresentation of statistical information in themedia.     

易格式可执行文件脱壳方法论述

经过汇编级动态调试分析，设计出的针对一种特殊的以PE文件为载体的可执行文件“易格式可执行文件”的通用脱壳方法。