简论民国初年教育宗旨的嬗变——由“五育并举”到“四育并提”

五育并举是蔡元培教育思想的重要组成部分,也是民国初年四育并提教育宗旨的理论基础。民国初年教育宗旨的制定,体现了推翻帝制后教育观念由臣民向公民的现代转变,而其形成过程,更是当时教育思想纷争讨论的一个侧影。探讨民国初年教育宗旨的嬗变问题,不仅可以深化对我国近现代教育史的认识,而且对当代教育也有一定的借鉴意义。     

明末清初闽西的社会秩序重建——以泉上镇李氏家族为中心

明末清初,福建省宁化县泉上镇屡次遭受兵灾。泉上镇李氏家族通过修建土堡、山寨,倡建乡兵、保民会,以及家族精英的政治优势保障了家族和泉上地区在明清盗乱中的相对安定,同时李氏家族在明清动乱之际完成了宗族的收族活动。文章以此说明在明清交替过程中乡村社会的应对和社会秩序的重建,及在其中乡绅所扮演的角色。     

近10年国内工业旅游研究回顾与展望

工业旅游是近年来旅游研究的一个热点领域。运用比较分析法,从概念特征、旅游资源、旅游产品、客源市场等8个方面对近10年来工业旅游的研究内容进行了梳理,初步分析了国内工业旅游的研究方法。依据现有的研究文献,完整的理论体系还未构建起来,定性研究是我国工业旅游研究的主导范式。今后的研究主要可以从理论体系、研究领域、研究方法、产品设计、学术交流等5个方面加以深入。     

Early career teachers’ sense of professional agency in the classroom: associations with turnover intentions and perceived inadequacy in teacher–student interaction

Teachers’ capacity to learn intentionally and responsively in the classroom is particularly vulnerable during the first years in the profession. This study investigated the interrelations between early career teachers’ turnover intentions, perceived inadequacy in teacher–student interaction, and sense of professional agency in the classroom. The survey data were collected from 284 in-service teachers with not more than 5 years of experience and analysed by structural equation modelling (SEM). The results showed that the negative relation between turnover intentions and early career teachers’ sense of professional agency was completely mediated by perceived inadequacy in teacher–student interaction. The results indicate that experiences of insufficient abilities to solve pedagogically and socially challenging student situations have a crucial effect on early career teacher’s capacity for adaptive reflection and active transformation of instruction.     

Relating early childhood teachers’ working conditions and well-being to their turnover intentions

High turnover rates of early care and education teachers reduce the quality of education; unsatisfied teachers, suffering from stress or emotional exhaustion, are less equipped to promote children’s development and more likely to leave the classroom. We used data from a national survey of US early childhood educators (n?=?1129) to examine associations between teachers’ working conditions, well-being, and motivation with professional commitment and turnover intentions to move, leave, or remain. Multiple regression analyses revealed that more intrinsically motivated teachers were more likely to report intentions to move over leave, emotionally exhausted teachers were more likely to report intentions to leave, and lower teacher-reported working conditions predicted intentions to move or leave the field over staying. The results suggest that teachers’ well-being and perceived working conditions relate with their intentions to remain at their job or within the field and to their commitment to the profession.     

Child developmental impact of Pittsburgh’s Early Childhood Initiative (ECI) in high-risk communities: first-phase authentic evaluation research

The national debate surrounding the issue of school failure has renewed interest in the quality, efficacy, and outcomes of early childhood intervention programs that can promote early school success for children at developmental risk. Moreover, researchers and policymakers report the need to document developmentally-appropriate models for assessing and evaluating early childhood outcomes. We report on the first-phase results of Pittsburgh’s early childhood initiative (ECI). ECI is a privately-funded effort by a consortium composed of the business, corporate, foundation, and community sectors to implement high-quality early care and education options for children in high-risk neighborhoods. The overarching objective of ECI is to ensure early school success for high-risk children. Our Scaling Progress in Early Childhood Settings (SPECS) Evaluation Team implemented an authentic assessment and program evaluation strategy and an enhanced “constructed comparison group” statistical model to conduct longitudinal research on the child developmental impact of the ECI model. First-phase results on 155 high-risk children indicate that those who participated in high-quality ECI programs for the longest periods of time demonstrated patterns of progress that exceeded maturational expectations. Weekly collaborative consultation to teachers and caregivers by consultants about program quality using the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) standards as “best practice” benchmarks seemed to be associated with initial enhanced child outcomes and the particular impact of the ECI model.     

Revisioning professionalism from the periphery

Abstract

The issue of who should be included and recognised as professionals in the early childhood education and care (ECEC) service system is both contested and pressing in the current policy climate. At stake is a high-quality early childhood care and education service system that is both responsive and appropriate to the constituency it serves. A review of the history of ECEC professionalism reveals complex entanglements and debates regarding professional belonging. Services that deliver education and care to children and families living in high poverty contexts are often excluded from ECEC professionalism debates. Drawing on notions of rationality, emotionality and criticality presented in recent accounts of ECEC professionalism, we use data collected from interviews with service providers delivering services to children and families living in high poverty contexts in Australia to develop an account of criticality that is pertinent to current funding and policy contexts. We argue that these service providers’ perspectives about their own professionalism have much to offer broader debates.     

"十七年"文学性别神话批判

十七年文学是阶级与政治泛滥、性别有意识解构的“父”性政治特权时期,也是男性“文学父权”神话之笔蔓延、创造隐喻意味及传统意象的特殊阶段。阶级和性别的结合,并非证明性别比阶级更具特权性,只是对传统神话的分析批判多了一层视域。     

苏轼兄弟的军事思想及边防策略

苏轼兄弟一生的吏事章都有显成就。在军事思想和边防策略上，他们也有一定建树。就军事思想而言，苏轼早年在立国、用兵、边防等问题上均有自己的主张，后来在他治军的实践中，体现了其一贯的军事思想；而苏辙早年涉及军事的言论甚少，但已经表现出与苏轼的不同。北宋从神宗到哲宗在边防战略上的明显变化，苏轼兄弟身为朝官自不能置身度外。在对待西羌、西夏的关系和策略上，虽然他们的言论多少不一，但都表现出对此的高度关注，也清楚显示出策略上的不同。     

Beginning reading strategies in children experiencing contrasting teaching methods

Two groups of 4.5–5.5 year old children in their first year at school were examined; one taught by a whole word teaching method and one taught by a mixed whole word and phonological teaching method. The children were given a test to investigate their reading of normal words. The results of this test were subjected to a detailed error analysis and the two groups were examined in order to see if there were differences in the reading strategies they used. No evidence was found counter to the assumption that reading begins with a logographic stage. However, it was found that teaching method was having a significant impact on the reading strategies which the children adopted. In addition it was found that a number of children from the whole school appeared to exhibit letter by letter reading. This suggests that letter by letter dyslexia might in part be an extreme form of a strategy used by normal readers.