Self‐determination of young children with intellectual disability: understanding parents' perspectives

Self‐determination is considered to be a basic human right which, to develop, demands contextual opportunities as well as individual competencies. For people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, the family is the natural support environment in the task of increasing control over their own lives. There is little, however, that has been published in Spain on the needs and strengths of families in this regard. This article presents a study carried out in Spain on the knowledge, attitudes and strategies that a sample group of parents (N = 201) have regarding self‐determination. An analysis of the data gathered highlights the need for intervention proposals to prepare parents to further their children's self‐determination, through collaborative partnerships and through cognitive restructuring.     

Validating Student Score Inferences With Person‐Fit Statistic and Verbal Reports: A Person‐Fit Study for Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment

The goal of this study was to investigate the usefulness of person‐fit analysis in validating student score inferences in a cognitive diagnostic assessment. In this study, a two‐stage procedure was used to evaluate person fit for a diagnostic test in the domain of statistical hypothesis testing. In the first stage, the person‐fit statistic, the hierarchy consistency index (HCI; Cui, 2007 ; Cui & Leighton, 2009 ), was used to identify the misfitting student item‐score vectors. In the second stage, students’ verbal reports were collected to provide additional information about students’ response processes so as to reveal the actual causes of misfits. This two‐stage procedure helped to identify the misfits of item‐score vectors to the cognitive model used in the design and analysis of the diagnostic test, and to discover the reasons of misfits so that students’ problem‐solving strategies were better understood and their performances were interpreted in a more meaningful way.     

RESEARCH SECTION: The self‐esteem of pupils in schools for pupils with social,emotional and behavioural difficulties: myth and reality

The self‐esteem of pupils has long been regarded as a key variable affecting both pupils' learning and behaviour, although the relationship between the two may not be as strong as many in education have always assumed. In this article, Jeremy Swinson, an educational psychologist and honorary lecturer in educational psychology at Liverpool John Moores University, reports the findings from a study in two parts. Firstly, an examination was made of 35 Statements written by officers from seven different education authorities in the north‐west of England for pupils attending two independent schools that specialise in working with pupils with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD). It was found that, of the 35 Statements examined, 34 included self‐esteem as one area of special need. The second phase of the study examined the self‐esteem of 60 pupils in four specialist schools for pupils with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties. The results showed that the average scores for self‐esteem for both the primary and secondary sample were very similar to the scores obtained by previous researchers in mainstream schools. However, it was apparent that more pupils than expected appeared to have either very low or very high self‐esteem. In terms of locus of control, it was found that a large number of secondary pupils had a high score although this was not found to be the case for the primary pupils in the sample. Jeremy Swinson discusses these results and presents his analysis of their implications for teachers, educational psychologists and education officers.     

成功体育教学的心理学基础

本文通过学生的自我观念与体育成绩以及美国教育家格拉塞（ＷｉｌｉａｍＧｌａｓｓｅｒ）的教育思想，加之作者近几年来运用成功体育教学的实践经验，简述了成功体育教学具有坚实的心理学基础，在转变学生的心理机制上是以改善学生自我观念为核心的，从而使学生，特别是体育差的学生能主动积极地得到发展。     

Self‐esteem and successful interaction as part of the forest school project

In this article Nick Swarbrick, Glynnis Eastwood and Kris Tutton highlight the importance of the outdoor environment as an educational resource, and explore the relationship between self‐esteem and successful learning through the forest school project being run in Oxfordshire. It looks at the history and practice of forest school in England, and draws on recent research to suggest ways in which ‘alternative’ or non‐traditional educational projects might be evaluated.     

Writing and pseudo‐writing from Internet‐based sources: implications for learning and assessment

In recent years, plagiarism has been on the increase across the Western world. This article identifies Internet access as a contributory cause of this trend and addresses the implications of readily available Internet sources for the teaching and assessment of writing in schools. The basis for the article is a previous study showing a wide incidence of plagiarism in the Internet‐based writing of students in three classes at upper secondary school level in Norway. I relate the students' choices to writing as a cognitive process and as a cultural practice. My basic assumption is that the students' writing is work. It is this work we have in mind when we relate writing to learning and when we assess students' skills on the basis of their written texts. Access to the Internet changes the premises for this work because writing can be replaced by ‘pseudo‐writing’. ‘Pseudo‐writing’ is a work reducing writing practice, which neither excludes nor coincides with what we traditionally associate with plagiarism in schools. The main point in this article is that when students have access to the Internet during essay writing, the result is unavoidably a product of both writing and pseudo‐writing. Internet access thus leads to greater uncertainty about the role writing plays in student learning and makes it more difficult to take written assignments into account in assessing students' school results and effort.     

环境因素对应用型本科高校大学生创业意愿的影响

对安徽省应用型本科联盟部分高校的2177名在校大学生开展了创业意愿情况调查,并对影响大学生创业意愿的环境因素进行了分析。研究表明,在校大学生创业意愿整体水平偏低;社会环境认知、大学环境认知、亲友环境认知三个假设因素对大学生创业意愿的影响程度依次递增。其中,与创业意愿相关度最高的变量分别是朋友对自身创业的支持、创业典型的正面引导、良好的市场竞争秩序。     

论船山诗学中的情与己、才的关系

情感具有明显的个体性,船山在诗学中强调作为个人的独特性,并以此作为衡量诗歌的重要标准之一,反对门庭,反对门户。情、才之间存在分立与一致的两种关系,船山诗学中对情与己、才的分析,是为了突出情的感性、个体性、差异性。差异性必然会导致多变性,所以必须对情进行制约和规范。