论决策中的框架陷阱

领导者常借用框架进行决策,若对框架的认知不足就会陷入决策陷阱,如被框架所禁锢、"选择性失明"、思想意识上的强制扭曲、过度自信、过分谨慎等框架效应。通过科学认知框架和对框架陷阱的分析,能够让决策者回避这些陷阱。     

What global perspective does our university foster in our students?

We used a modified circuit of culture enquiry to explore processes of production, representation and consumption of global perspective at our university, in the context of fostering this perspective as a graduate attribute. We identified four frame packages by which this perspective is understood and communicated. Global perspective is framed within our institution simultaneously as essentially cooperative and as competitive. We express concern about how such complexity is fostered in our students. We ask our colleagues and university teachers internationally to critically reflect upon the diversity of global perspectives extant within higher education and potentially to clarify their intentions as university teachers.     

Didactic Restrictions on the Teacher’s Practice: The Case of Limits of Functions in Spanish High Schools

The Anthropological Theory of Didactics describes mathematical activity in terms of mathematical organisations or praxeologies and considers the teacher as the director of the didactic process the students carry out, a process that is structured along six dimensions or didactic moments. This paper begins with an outline of this epistemological and didactic model, which appears as a useful tool for the analysis of mathematical and teaching practices. It is used to identify the main characteristics of the mathematical organisation around the limits of functions as it is proposed to be taught at high school level. The observation of an empirical didactic process will finally show how the internal dynamics of the didactic process is affected by certain mathematical and didactic constraints that significantly determine the teacher’s practice and ultimately the mathematical organisation actually taught.     

美国卡内基·梅隆大学战略规划研究

制定一个科学合理的高校发展战略规划直接关系到一个高校在新的世纪赢得发展主动权的问题，但是如何制定这样一个有效的高校发展战略规划仍是不少研究者们探讨的问题。美国卡内基·梅隆大学是美国高校发展的后起之秀，其高校发展战略规划取得的显著成果更是不少国家高校效仿的对象，本文试从其大学的发展历史、战略规划历程、制定特色入手，对卡内基·梅隆战略规划相关情况作简要介绍。     

Towards an Analysis of Visual Images in School Science Textbooks and Press Articles about Science and Technology

This paper aims at presenting the application of a grid for the analysis of the pedagogic functions of visual images included in school science textbooks and daily press articles about science and technology. The analysis is made using the dimensions of content specialisation (classification) and social-pedagogic relationships (framing) promoted by the images as well as the elaboration and abstraction of the corresponding visual code (formality), thus combining pedagogical and socio-semiotic perspectives. The grid is applied to the analysis of 2819 visual images collected from school science textbooks and another 1630 visual images additionally collected from the press. The results show that the science textbooks in comparison to the press material: a) use ten times more images, b) use more images so as to familiarise their readers with the specialised techno-scientific content and codes, and c) tend to create a sense of higher empowerment for their readers by using the visual mode. Furthermore, as the educational level of the school science textbooks (i.e., from primary to lower secondary level) rises, the content specialisation projected by the visual images and the elaboration and abstraction of the corresponding visual code also increases. The above results have implications for the terms and conditions for the effective exploitation of visual material as the educational level rises as well as for the effective incorporation of visual images from press material into science classes.     

Positioning as not‐understanding: The value of showing uncertainty for engaging in science

Not understanding is central to scientific work: what scientists do is learn about the natural world, which involves seeking out what they do not know. In classrooms, however, the position of not‐understanding is generally a liability; confusion is an unfortunate condition to resolve as quickly as possible, or to conceal. In this article, we argue that students' public displays of uncertainty or confusion can be pivotal contributions to the classroom dynamics in initiating and sustaining a class's science inquiry. We present this as a central finding from a cross‐case analysis of eight episodes of students' scientific engagement, drawing on literature on framing to show how participants positioned themselves as not‐understanding and how that was consequential for the class's scientific engagement. We show how participants enacted this positioning by asking questions or expressing uncertainty around a phenomenon or model. We then analyze how participants' displays of not‐understanding shaped the conceptual, epistemic, and social aspects of classroom activity. We present two cases in detail: one in which a student's positioning helped initiate the class's scientific engagement and another in which it helped sustain it. We argue that this work motivates considering how to help students learn to embrace and value the role of expressing one's confusion in science.     

服务评价中的特征框架效应——基于调节性匹配理论视角的研究

信息框架对消费者购买决策有显著影响,但学者们的研究主要集中在风险选择框架方面,而对特征框架效应及其影响机理缺乏深入研究。本文分析了特征框架类型及特征,探讨了特征框架与调节定向匹配的交互作用,通过情景模拟实验,研究了不同类型特征框架(获得性框架vs.规避性框架)与不同调节定向的消费者匹配方式对服务购买决策中的服务评价的影响,并进一步探索了形成这种影响的作用机理。研究发现:(1)特征框架对服务购买决策中的服务产品评价有显著影响,且这种影响会因特征框架类型不同而产生差异。(2)特征框架与消费者调节定向达成匹配时,消费者的服务产品评价更高。(3)认知流畅性与情绪体验是特征框架与调节定向匹配效应的中介变量。文章拓展了框架效应理论,为服务企业针对不同顾客采取不同的服务信息呈现方式提供了方法指导。     

‘Civilized city’: how embedded civil society networks frame the debate on urban green space in Hanoi,Vietnam

This article explores the framing mechanisms used by an embedded civil society network of urban planners, architects, and journalists in the burgeoning city of Hanoi, Vietnam, to structure the terms of debate in a controversy over the use of public space in Reunification Park. The network drew on the values of collectivism, modernization, and nationalism propagated under the socialist government’s ‘civilized city’ campaign in order to pressure the city government to preserve green space in its largest park and cease development plans for a hotel. By analyzing the content of the investigative reporting on the SAS hotel investment controversy in Reunification Park covered by the online journal of the Vietnam Urban Planning and Development Association, this article demonstrates how this embedded civil society network used methods of ‘rightful resistance’ in framing the issue, pressuring the government to be accountable to its own purported values. It shows that there are social movements both associated with, and outside of, the Vietnamese state that are competing in the construction of meaning around the debate of citizen rights to public green space in the city.     

When socialists marketize: the case of China’s wind power market sector

This paper analyzes China’s attempt at maintaining and stabilizing the market framing of wind power development as ‘sustainable.’ Drawing on mixed data and new directions in the social studies of marketization, the analysis focuses on the Chinese government’s responses to the ‘quality crisis’ in the wind turbine industry. Employing five types of framing – goods, marketizing agencies, market encounters, price-setting, and market design and maintenance – the paper sheds light on flexible government interventions to steer the socio-technical assemblage around wind power towards a ‘turn to quality.’ In essence, this is a study of market construction in the context of Chinese wind power experiments. The paper contributes to new directions in market studies by (1) demonstrating the importance of attending to the contested algorithmic transformation of wind resources to wind power; (2) taking market studies to a transitional and developmental context, which renders marketization prone to constant overflowing; and (3) elucidating a particular Chinese model of experimental market construction ‘through embracing overflowing.’ The paper proposes new trajectories for future market studies with a focus on non-Western contexts, to reveal the wide variety of how marketization unfolds.     

框架效应与问题性质对大学生运动员决策行为的影响研究

以自编的有关运动竞赛的得分和受伤两类问题作为实验材料,采用两因素完全随机实验设计,对不同信息框架呈现方式下大学生运动员的决策行为进行研究,为相关研究和运动实践提供理论指导。结果显示：得分类问题中没有发现框架效应,受伤类问题中存在框架效应;正面框架下问题性质与选择方案有明显的交互作用,负面框架下问题性质与选择方案无交互作用。经分析得出以下结论：问题性质是框架效应的主要影响因素;正面框架下问题性质与选择方案交互影响着被试的决策行为,而负面框架下只有选择方案对被试的决策行为产生影响作用。