A comparative study of error detection in discourse

A study of error detection in discourse is reported in which children 10 to 13 years old listened to set of expository texts read aloud, read the texts via a moving window simulated on a computer screen, or read them typed on paper. Occasional changes were introduced in the texts, resulting in illformedness at a semantic level, at a morphosyntactic level, or (in reading) at an orthographic level. The subjects were 278 Swedish 4th and 6th grade pupils. Analysis of d showed that all test groups performed above chance, that 6th grade children were better at the task, and that errors were easiest to detect while listening. By the same standard, detecting errors when reading was easier from hard copy. However, 4th graders detected both more othographic and morpho-syntactic errors when reading from the moving window, suggesting some advantage in presenting text to younger readers from left to right.     

Unequal Forced-Intra-Refresh for robust video streaming

INTRODUCTION In the encoding or transcoding of video stream- ing, intra refresh is introduced as a non-normative error-resilience tool. Although the intra-refresh schemes based on the rate-distortion optimization (C?té et al., 2000; Stockhammer et al., 2002) are superior to the early heuristic intra-refresh strategies, these new schemes cannot yet accurately estimate the video distortion due to time-varying packet losses, and usually ignore the inter-frame error-propagation effect. Chiou…     

Risk, error and accountability: improving the practice of school leaders

This paper seeks to explore the notion of risk as an organisational logic within schools, the impact of contemporary accountability regimes on managing risk and then, in turn, to posit a systems-based process of risk management underpinned by a positive logic of risk. It moves through a number of steps beginning with the development of an understanding of risk, the risk society and the logic of risk derived from the seminal work of Douglas (1992, Risk and blame: essays in cultural theory, London: Sage), Beck (1992, Risk society: towards a new modernity. London: Sage) and Giddens (1990, The consequences of modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press). Second, the paper juxtaposes this understanding of risk with the rise of accountability imperatives and an “audit culture” [Strathern (1997) European Review, 5(3), 305–321] in public institutions, including schools. It then moves to consider how a systems-based approach to risk management, drawing on Reason’s (1990, Human Error. New York: Cambridge University Press) model of human error minimisation, could be usefully developed for schools. Such an approach would be built on a positive risk logic which maintains the flexibility, innovativeness and adaptability so necessary in education and avoids the more deleterious effects of many current forms of accountability and risk management which reflect avoidance, conformity and rigidity.     

The correction of errors committed with high confidence

Most theories predict that when people indicate that they are highly confident they are producing their strongest responses. Hence, if such a high confidence response is in error it should be overwritten only with great difficulty. In contrast to this prediction, we have found that people easily correct erroneous responses to general information questions endorsed as correct with high-confidence, so long as the correct answer is given as feedback. Three potential explanations for this unexpected hypercorrection effect are summarized. The explanation that is tested here, in two experiments, is that after a person commits a high-confidence error the correct answer feedback, being surprising or unexpected, is given more attention than is accorded to the feedback to low-confidence errors. This enhanced attentional capture leads to better memory. In both experiments, a tone detection task was presented concurrently with the corrective feedback to assess the attentional capture of feedback stimuli. In both, tone detection was selectively impaired during the feedback to high confidence errors. It was also negatively related to final performance, indicating that the attention not devoted to the tone detection was effectively engaged by the corrective feedback. These data support the attentional explanation of the high-confidence hypercorrection effect.     

An error resilient scheme for H.264 video coding based on distortion estimated mode decision and nearest neighbor error concealment

Although H.264 video coding standard provides several error resilience tools, the damage caused by error propagation may still be tremendous. This work is aimed at developing a robust and standard-compliant error resilient coding scheme for H.264 and uses techniques of mode decision, data hiding, and error concealment to reduce the damage from error propagation. This paper proposes a system with two error resilience techniques that can improve the robustness of H.264 in noisy channels. The first technique is Nearest Neighbor motion compensated Error Concealment (NNEC) that chooses the nearest neighbors in the reference frames for error concealment. The second technique is Distortion Estimated Mode Decision (DEMD) that selects an optimal mode based on stochastically distorted frames. Observed simulation results showed that the rate-distortion performances of the proposed algorithms are better than those of the compared algorithms.     

Explaining Constraint Interaction: How to Interpret Estimated Model Parameters Under Alternative Scaling Methods

In this paper, we explain the reasons behind constraint interaction, which is the phenomenon that the results of testing equality constraints may depend heavily on the scaling method used. We find that the scaling methods interfere with the testing procedures because scaling methods determine which transformations of population quantities model parameters actually estimate. We therefore also develop rules on how to correctly interpret estimates of model parameters under alternative scaling methods.     

视频通信中的差错掩盖技术

本文讨论了视频通信中压缩视频的关键数据(纹理信息，编码模式I、P、B，以及运动向量MV)的恢复方法，对典型的差错掩盖技术及掩盖方法进行详细描述，并对其适应环境作了简要分析。     

避免错误僵化

对外语学习者语言僵化现象，特别是错误僵化现象笔者将其成因分为内因、外因两大类，其中各有分述，各种原因相互作用构成错综复杂的错误僵化成因图。在陈述其形成原因的基础上。提出了最优化输入。可理解性输出。“意识论”作用，目的语文化输入，改良学习环境措施以避免错误僵化。     

错误分析法在第二语言教学中的价值及作用

错误分析法被认为是研究第二语言学习过程的一种直接的、有效的方式。学习者的错误决不是一种学习的失败,相反,这些错误在学习者学习过程中起着非常重要的作用。关于学习者所犯错误的研究对第二语言教学是非常有价值的。