科学活动中利益冲突的公开

公开是对利益冲突进行控制时最常用和最先采用的措施。然而研究表明,鲜有科学家公开承认其处于利益冲突状态。之所以如此,既因为利益冲突公开政策本身存在问题,也因为科学家对自己的利益冲突实际上毫无察觉。深化对利益冲突公开本身的认识、对科学家进行相关教育和制定科学合理的政策措施,是充分发挥公开作用的必要措施。     

Linguistic metrics for patent disclosure: Evidence from university versus corporate patents

Encouraging disclosure is important for the patent system, yet the technical information in patent applications is often inadequate. We use algorithms from computational linguistics to quantify the effectiveness of disclosure in patent applications. Relying on the expectation that universities have more ability and incentive to disclose their inventions than corporations, we analyze 64 linguistic measures of patent applications, and show that university patents are more readable by 0.4 SD of a synthetic measure of readability. Results are robust to controlling for non-disclosure-related invention heterogeneity. The linguistic metrics are evaluated by a panel of “expert” student engineers and further examined by USPTO 112(a) – lack of disclosure – rejection. The ability to quantify disclosure opens new research paths and potentially facilitates improvement of disclosure.     

政府信息公开下的个人信息保护——公安部身份证查询服务引发的思考

近期公安部推出的身份证号码信息查询服务,社会各界评价不一。有蓝要从各方面对政府信息公开下加强公民个人信息保护的必要性和重要性进行深入的探讨。     

上市公司内部控制信息披露的现状分析及其治理策略

对我国上市公司内部控制信息的披露现状进行了分析,考察了上市公司内部控制信息披露中存在的问题,并剖析了其产生的原因,最后针对问题提出了解决办法。     

What Canadian youth tell us about disclosing abuse

ObjectiveTo report findings from a study of anonymous disclosures of abuse experiences among a national sample of youth in Canada who participated in violence prevention programming.MethodsA qualitative analysis was done of a purposeful sample of 1,099 evaluation forms completed following Red Cross RespectED violence prevention programming delivered between 2000 and 2003. Forms were selected based on program facilitators identifying voluntary, anonymous disclosures by youth participants of neglect and emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. Additional data for this analysis includes 27 interviews and focus groups that were used to understand the context of these disclosures and to engage the help of youth and program facilitators in the interpretation of findings.ResultsWhile this study is exploratory and non-representative in its design, findings suggest high rates of hidden abuse, with less than a quarter of youth with abuse experiences reporting a disclosure. Disclosure patterns vary with boys, youth aged 14–15, victims of physical abuse, and those abused by a family member being most likely to disclose to professionals or the police. Interviews help to explain the large number of youth who express reticence to disclose to professionals. Specifically, the data show a perception among youth of negative consequences following disclosure.ConclusionsThis data raises questions regarding why youth are reluctant to report abuse to professionals, preferring to cope independently or by confiding in peers. Youth in this study report feeling anxious about disclosing to authorities, fearful of the potential loss of control over decisions which affect them.Practice implicationsFindings suggest that professionals who provide support to young people's own networks of family and friends may help to facilitate youths’ disclosures of abuse. Furthermore, prevention programming that promotes a positive attitude towards disclosure of abuse experiences and provides an anonymous forum (such as an evaluation form) in which to do so is likely to encourage more young people to disclose.     

Justification and Persuasion about Cloning: Arguments in Hwang’s Paper and Journalistic Reported Versions

We examine the argumentative structure of Hwang et al.’s (2004) paper about human somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT, or ‘therapeutic cloning’), contrasted with four Journalistic Reported Versions (JRV) of it, and with students’ summaries of one JRV. As the evaluation of evidence is one of the critical features of argumentation (Jiménez-Aleixandre 2008), the analysis focuses on the use of evidence, drawing from instruments to analyze written argumentation (Kelly et al. 2008) and from studies about the structure of empirical research reports (Swales 2001). The objectives are: 1) To examine the use of evidence and the argumentative structure of Hwang et al.’s Science, 303: 1669–1674 (2004) original paper in terms of the criteria: a) pertinence of the evidence presented to the claims; b) sufficiency of the evidence for the purpose of supporting the claims; and c) coordination of the evidence across epistemic levels. 2) To explore how the structure of Hwang’s paper translates into the JRV and into university students’ perceptions about the evidence supporting the claims. The argumentative structure of Hwang’s paper is such that its apparently ostensible main claim about NT constitutes a justification for a second claim about its therapeutic applications, for which no evidence is offered. However, this second claim receives prominent treatment in the JRV and in the students’ summaries. Implications for promoting critical reading in the classroom are discussed.     

清代慈善组织的信息披露机制

公众对慈善组织的信任是慈善事业正常运行和持续发展的前提。信息披露机制是慈善组织与民众建立信任关系的渠道,也是民众、政府监督慈善组织运行的手段。清代慈善组织的信息是通过征信录披露的。清代慈善组织信息披露机制包括三个部分：信息生成制度、信息披露方式、信息披露原则。通过信息披露制度的研究,我们发现信息公开的对象是民众、政府、其他管理者以及神灵。而征信录的编制和传送,在当时客观上形成了一个由内部监管、民众监管、政府监管、神的监管共同组成的慈善事业监管体系,这一体系有力地促进了清代慈善组织监督机制与信任机制的建立,促进了慈善事业的繁荣。     

移动学习用户隐私信息披露行为实证研究

[目的/意义]通过构建移动学习用户隐私信息披露行为影响因素的理论模型,探究移动学习用户隐私行为的影响关系,以提高用户隐私信息披露意愿和对隐私信息的控制能力。[方法/过程]本文通过对隐私信息披露文献的查阅,运用问卷调查和实证研究相结合的方法,从行为态度、主观规范和行为控制3个方面分析了移动学习用户隐私信息披露行为,利用结构方程对提出的假设进行分析验证。[结果/结论]数据研究结果表明,隐私信息披露意愿对隐私信息披露行为有正向影响,感知移动学习收益性、移动学习用户社会影响、隐私控制自我效能和感知移动学习便利性对隐私信息披露意愿呈正向影响,而感知移动学习风险性则对隐私信息披露意愿呈负向影响。本研究能够帮助移动学习平台开发商更好地收集信息,为用户定制个性化的服务。[局限]研究的调查对象覆盖面较窄,对年龄、性别等因素之间的关系缺乏深入地分析。