Preclinical students’ predispositions towards social forms of instruction and self-directed learning: a challenge for the development of autonomous and collaborative learners

Self-directed and social forms of learning are fundamentally different from traditional didactic educational settings from which students are selected for veterinary, medical and other professional degree courses. It is therefore expected that a mismatch may emerge between students’ conceptions of effective learning and expectations inherent to the new learning environments. The present study addressed this issue by examining 128 preclinical students’ predispositions towards two key elements in problem-based and case-based learning, namely self-directed and social forms of learning. A mixed method approach revealed converging evidence of students’ overwhelming preference for external, teacher regulation and individual forms of learning. External regulation was consciously invoked as a coping strategy in managing large amounts of complex information. Constructivist conceptions of learning were positively related to an appreciation of the cognitive benefits of social forms of learning, a relationship that has attracted little attention in the higher education literature. These findings stress the importance of guiding students’ transition towards learning autonomy required for social forms of learning and continuous lifelong learning after graduation.     

Comprehension of relations among controversial texts: effects of external strategy use

This study examined the effects of external strategy use on the comprehension of relations among controversial texts. About 80 undergraduates read six controversial texts for the purpose of either finding intertextual relations or forming their opinion about the controversial issue. Half of them were permitted to use external strategies, the other half were not. Results indicated that only when given a purpose of relation-finding did external strategy users perform better than non-users in the comprehension of intertextual relations. Readers with a purpose of relation-finding also outperformed readers with a purpose of opinion-forming when permitted to use external strategies. The use of external strategies had no influence on the recall of intratextual arguments, regardless of reading purpose. These results were discussed in terms of readers’ use of external strategies to serve their reading purposes.     

主动组织遗忘对企业突破式创新的影响——外部知识搜寻宽度的中介作用

主动组织遗忘对企业组织实现突破式创新具有重要意义。利用江浙沪皖地区268家企业的515份样本数据,以外部知识搜寻宽度作为中介变量,研究主动组织遗忘和突破式创新的关系。研究结果显示:主动组织遗忘的两个维度忘却学习和避免恶习均对突破式创新产生显著的正向影响;外部新旧知识的搜寻宽度在主动组织遗忘和突破式创新之间均起到部分中介作用。     

乡镇政府职能转变的动因探微

现阶段农村行政生态环境的变化,对乡镇政府的行政能力提出了新的要求。乡镇政府如何适应农村新形势发展的需要,如何转变其职能,如何提高乡镇政府的公共管理水平,如何为推进社会主义新农村建设服务,都是当前迫切需要解决的问题。文章运用行政生态学理论作为分析工具,从外部因素和内在因素这两方面分析了乡镇政府职能转变的动因。     

Effect of exercise and nasal splinting on static and dynamic measures of nasal airflow

The main aim of this study was to assess the separate and combined effects of exercise and nasal splinting on static and dynamic measures of nasal airflow. In a randomized crossover design, 12 healthy participants (6 men, 6 women) performed static and dynamic spirometric nasal airflow assessment tests, with or without nasal splinting (Breathe-Right?), before and after a maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) treadmill test. At least 7 days later, the V O 2max and nasal airflow tests were repeated. The results showed that the measured variables were not significantly different with and without nasal splinting. We conclude that the absence of significantly enhanced nasal patency observed for nasal splinting and after exercise suggest that these factors have a minimal impact on nasal airflow volume and rate.     

Effect of verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies in basketball free throw shooting

We assessed the effects on basketball free throw performance of two types of verbal directions with an external attentional focus. Novices ( n = 16) were pre-tested on free throw performance and assigned to two groups of similar ability ( n = 8 in each). Both groups received verbal instructions with an external focus on either movement dynamics (movement form) or movement effects (e.g. ball trajectory relative to basket). The participants also observed a skilled model performing the task on either a small or large screen monitor, to ascertain the effects of visual presentation mode on task performance. After observation of six videotaped trials, all participants were given a post-test. Visual search patterns were monitored during observation and cross-referenced with performance on the pre- and post-test. Group effects were noted for verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies and free throw performance. The 'movement effects' group saw a significant improvement in outcome scores between the pre-test and post-test. These results supported evidence that this group spent more viewing time on information outside the body than the 'movement dynamics' group. Image size affected both groups equally with more fixations of shorter duration when viewing the small screen. The results support the benefits of instructions when observing a model with an external focus on movement effects, not dynamics.     

功能性消化不良的中医外治法治疗进展

功能性消化不良(FD)是临床上最常见的一种功能性胃肠病,发病率高其发病机制尚未完全明确,本文从针刺、灸法、穴位埋线、穴位注射、耳穴贴压疗法、整脊疗法、针药结合疗法综述了中医外治法治疗功能性消化不良的研究进展,基于以上研究进展,今后应进行更多的随机对照大样本临床研究,从而更好地指导临床工作。     

中世纪欧洲战争起因类型计量分析

本文对中世纪时期欧洲272次战争的主要起因进行了统计分析,其结果表明,中世纪欧洲出现频率最高的战争起因是领土、霸权/征服、争夺权力和宗教等问题,而商业/航海问题、民族问题和阶级压迫等在中世纪欧洲的战争起因中还不是十分重要。     

信息技术与课程整合的教学模式研究之五——“WebQuest”教学模式

该文是系统研究"信息技术与课程整合教学模式"系列研究论文的第六篇。这组系列研究论文对信息技术与课程整合实施过程中广大教师必须面对的重要问题——"对信息技术环境下教学模式的内涵与特征应如何正确认识、以及对这类教学模式应如何有效实施"作了较深入的探讨;该文则着重对课外整合模式中的另外一个也颇具影响力的代表"适时教学(JiTT)模式"进行研究,并从该模式的产生背景、内涵与特征、实施步骤及实施案例等几个方面作出比较深入的阐述。     

形态与意蕴的对应图式——陶然散文文体实验浅析

陶然近三年的散文创作充分表现了他文体意识的自觉。他高频度、高密度地把意识流引进了散文创作领域。这不仅是作家创造力的再一次释放 ,也是多元共生的散文创作方法探索的一个新向度。这种探索的直接效果是文本的外在形态的快节奏、跳跃和不连贯。这又是与作家面对困惑时的不安、焦灼的内在世界相契合的。因此 ,陶然在形式上的探索并不是孤立的、为形式而形式的。他建构了一个散文文本外在形状与内在意蕴互为表征的对应图式