从《周易·家人》看中国早期的家规与家风

家规与家风已越来越受到人们的重视。而《周易》的《家人》卦便向我们展示了中国早期家庭的一种有代表性的家规与家风,即：男外女内、忧患意识、和谐是福、敬祖善奴。这为我们研究中国家规、家风的起源与演变提供了一个范例,对当今家规、家风的建立与养成也具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Parenting styles and bullying. The mediating role of parental psychological aggression and physical punishment

Studies concerning parenting styles and disciplinary practices have shown a relationship between both factors and bullying involvement in adolescence. The scarce available evidence suggests that abusive disciplinary practices increase teenagers’ vulnerability to abuse in school or the likelihood of them becoming abusers of their peers in the same context. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the indirect effect of parenting styles in adolescents’ bullying involvement through disciplinary practices, although a relationship between parenting styles and disciplinary practices has been shown. The aim of this research was to determine the mediating role of punitive parental discipline (physical punishment and psychological aggression) between the dimensions of parents’ parenting styles and their children's involvement in bullying victimization and aggression. We used a sample comprising 2060 Spanish high school students (47.9% girls; mean age = 14.34). Structural equation modeling was performed to analyze the data. The results confirmed the mediating role of parental discipline between the parenting practices analyzed and students’ aggression and victimization. Significant gender-related differences were found for aggression involvement, where boys were for the most part linked to psychological aggression disciplinary practices and girls to physical punishment. Victimization directly correlated with parental psychological aggression discipline behavior across both sexes. In conclusion, the results seem to suggest that non-democratic parenting styles favor the use of punitive discipline, which increases the risk of adolescents’ bullying involvement. Therefore, intervention programs must involve parents to make them aware about the important role they play in this process and to improve their parenting styles.     

中、美、澳、加四国奥委会官方网站网络技术应用的比较

对中国、美国、澳大利亚和加拿大4个国家奥委会官方网站的网络技术应用进行了比较研究,从网络安全、查询与搜索、网站地图、数据库检索功能、网站开发语言、网站导航系统、导航元素标记和多语言版本支持等方面的分析发现,中国奥委会网站在提供多语言版本信息及各语言版本的用户友好程度等方面领先于美国、澳大利亚和加拿大奥委会网站,但在其他技术应用方面仍有不足和待完善之处。建议中国奥委会网站提高网络安全意识,关闭PING服务,加强搜索的纠错功能和搜索系统的检准/提示功能,使用网站地图功能,加强用户可配置的数据库检索服务,选用英语国家的习惯用词作为网站英文版本导航系统的标记,提高网站内部相互链接度和提高多语言版本的同步程度,以使中国奥委会网站跻身世界一流体育网站,更好地适应2008年奥运会的需要。     

Emotion Work Revealed by Job Loss Discourse: Backgrounding-Foregrounding of Feelings, Construction of Normalcy, and (Re)instituting of Traditional Masculinities

Three emotion work themes were displayed in the discourse of individuals who lost their jobs and of their family members. Foregrounding-backgrounding of emotions indicated not only how some individuals and family members exerted effort to express positive emotions, but also why they would do so (for deep authenticity). In the construction of normalcy, respondents made an effort to portray and enact their lives as similar to the way things were before the job loss. By (re)instituting traditional masculinities, the men who lost their jobs were able to be "real" men in an emasculating situation. Taken together, these findings offer possibilities for further theoretical development and for communication interventions that can be applied by human resource professionals, career and outplacement counselors, family members, friends, and the individuals themselves.     

签字声明:一个鲜为人知的美国总统单边政策工具

"签字声明"恐怕是近年来美国总统广泛使用甚至滥用、但又鲜为人知的重要单边政策工具之一.本文从美国国会和总统之间权力关系的角度,对美国总统签字声明的基本含义及作用给予必要的理解,大体考察了美国总统乔治·W·布什在对外政策领域对签字声明的使用,以及这一政策工具在美国国内所引起的激烈争议.本文最后揭示签字声明背后所反映的当代美国总统和行政部门权力膨胀的实质.     

Identifying families with complex needs after an initial child abuse investigation: A comparison of demographics and needs related to domestic violence,mental health,and substance use

Families with complex needs related to domestic violence, mental health, and substance use have some of the worst child protective services (CPS) outcomes. Although many of these families are identified during a CPS investigation and subsequently referred to home-based postinvestigation services (HBPS), many are re-reported to CPS, so it is important to understand the postinvestigation experiences of this vulnerable group. Therefore, this study compared families with and without complex needs to understand their uniquedemographics, needs, and postinvestigation outcomes.The sample consisted of 2008 caregivers who received HBPS following an initial CPS investigation. The Family Assessment Form (FAF) was used to measure family functioning in eight domains using a 1–5 scale with higher ratings representing worse functioning. Complex needs were indicated by a mean FAF score of 3 or higher for either domestic violence, mental health, or substance use. Using Pearson chi-square analyses and two-sample t-tests, comparisons were made between families with (n = 836) and without (n = 1172) complex needs. Half of caregivers with complex needs had a history of abuse, 25% had three to five needs, and nearly half had six to eight needs; 90% of caregivers without complex needs had zero to two needs. Furthermore, caregivers with complex needs had higher mean scores for concrete, educational, and clinical needs. These findings highlight the importance of recognizing variation among families referred to HBPS and accurate screening to ensure that families with complex needs are offered and receive services matched to their unique characteristics and needs.     

You can’t ignore us: what role does family play in student engagement and alienation in a Ghanaian university?

Much of the existing literature on student engagement focuses on what happens within the higher education environment or what the institution has direct control over, restricting understanding of how issues outside of the institution affect engagement. This paper argues that efforts to improve student engagement should be broadened to incorporate issues relating to the family. It employed a case study design in order to develop a broad and more in-depth understanding of how family influences the amount of time and effort students invest in their learning in a large public university in Ghana. It was established that engagement is influenced by family expectation, financial and social support, as well as monitoring of students’ academic performance. The unique contribution of the study is that it broadens current understandings of engagement because it adds an aspect that has not been highlighted in current work on engagement, making a case for institutions to work more with families to get a broader understanding of challenges students face in order to provide comprehensive support.     

新中国成立初期华北地区婚姻家庭变迁诸问题

新中国成立前,华北地区的婚姻家庭以包办婚姻和买卖婚姻为主,多数是保守的传统形式。建国后,在《婚姻法》的带动下,该地区的婚姻家庭发生了巨大而迅速的变迁。在这一变迁过程中,围绕婚姻自由、家庭财产保障等产生了一些值得观注的社会问题。这些问题的产生,并非只是因为婚姻自由权利无法得到保障,更多地是由于社会结构的剧烈变动。新中国成立初期婚姻家庭的变迁是一种国家权力支持下的自上而下的变迁,虽然没有获得全面成功,但新型的婚姻家庭制度已经基本确立起来。     

On the effects of motivation on reading performance growth in secondary school

This research aimed at identifying unique effects of reading motivation on reading performance when controlling for cognitive skills, familial, and demographic background. We drew upon a longitudinal sample of N = 1508 secondary school students from 5th to 8th grade. Two types of intrinsic reading motivation (reading enjoyment, reading for interest), one type of extrinsic reading motivation (competition), and reading self-concept were measured by self-report questionnaires. Cognitive skills (reasoning, decoding speed) and reading performance were assessed using standardized tests and background variables were collected using student and parent questionnaires. Applying latent growth curve modeling, positive unique effects of reading enjoyment and reading self-concept and a negative unique effect of competition on the initial level of reading performance were recorded. Moreover, a positive unique effect of reading for interest on reading performance growth was recorded. One may conclude that enhancing students’ interest might be fruitful in terms of nurturing reading performance.     

Changes in parental depression symptoms during family preservation services

Objectives

Parental depression symptoms often change over the course of child welfare family preservation and parenting services. This raises the question of whether certain processes in family preservation services might be associated with depression symptom change. This study tests three correlational models of change among family preservation service participants: (a) changes in depression symptoms are one facet of broad general changes in wellbeing; (b) the quality of the home visitor-client relationship is associated depression symptom changes; and (c) linking parents to adjunctive services is associated with symptom changes.

Methods

Participants were 2,175 parents in family preservation services, largely for child neglect, who were surveyed using standard measures at pre-treatment, post-treatment and 6 month follow-up. Change patterns were evaluated using growth models, including bivariate parallel and multivariate second-order models.

Results

Parallel growth was noted among depression symptoms and changes in social, economic, familial, and parenting domains. A second order change model positing a global change pattern fit the data well. Working alliance had a modest association with improvement, but successful linkage to outside mental health services was not associated with improvement.

Conclusions

Changes in diverse indicators of wellbeing follow a global pattern which might support use of less complex rather than more fully comprehensive service plans. Findings about lack of adjunctive usual care mental health service benefit may be related to uncontrolled factors and this is a topic in need of additional study.