What is the evidence on the impact of Pupil Premium funding on school intakes and attainment by age 16 in England?

The use of targeted additional funding for school-age education, intended to improve student attainment, is a widespread phenomenon internationally. It is slightly rarer that the funding is used to improve attainment specifically for the most disadvantaged students – often via trying to attract teachers to poorer areas, or encouraging families to send their children to school. It is even rarer that funding is used to try and reduce the attainment gap between economically disadvantaged students and their peers, and almost unheard for the funding to be intended to change the nature of school intakes by making disadvantaged students more attractive to schools. These last two were the objectives set for Pupil Premium funding to schools in England. The funding started in 2011, for all state-funded schools at the same time, so there is no easy counterfactual to help assess how effective it has been. The funding is a considerable investment every year and it is therefore important to know whether it works as intended. This paper presents a time series analysis of all students at secondary school in England from 2006, well before the funding started, until 2019, the most recent year for which there are attainment figures. It overcomes concerns that the official attainment gap between students labelled disadvantaged and the rest is sensitive to demographic, economic, legal and other concurrent policy changes. It does this by looking at a stable group of long-term disadvantaged students. It is argued that this group would have attracted Pupil Premium funding if it had existed in any year and under any economic conditions. After 2010, these long-term disadvantaged pupils became substantially less clustered in specific schools in their first year and throughout their remaining school life. This improvement cannot be explained by economic or other factors used in this paper, and so it looks as though the Pupil Premium has been effective here. The picture for the attainment gap at age 16 is more mixed. It is partly confused by changes in the grading of assessments in 2014 and again from 2016. The reasons why the improvements are less clear than at primary school are discussed, and they involve the nature of evidence available to secondary schools to help them improve the attainment of their most disadvantaged students.     

The Origins of Social Competence in a Pluralist Society∗

This paper explores the changing relationships between the UK government, its research councils and universities, focusing on the governing, funding and organisation of doctoral training. We use the Doctoral Training Centres (DTCs) funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) as a prism through which to study the shifting nature of university governance more broadly. Taking up ministerial policy ‘steers’ around research selectivity, knowledge exchange and collaboration, the national research councils position themselves as active partners to universities, working closely with their selected institutional ‘investments’.

Drawing on interviews with directors of these DTCs, we document the range of ways in which universities are responding to these dynamic and sometimes unpredictable governance practices. This paper also highlights the growing number of collaborations between universities that are emerging. We use recent work in science governance to argue that, through the Doctoral Training Centres, these ‘lively’ Research Council bureaucracies are reshaping the social sciences and universities more broadly.     

Not just for poor kids: The impact of universal free school breakfast on meal participation and student outcomes

This paper examines the impact of the implementation of a universal free school breakfast policy on meals program participation, attendance, and academic achievement. In 2003, New York City made school breakfast free for all students regardless of income, while increasing the price of lunch for those ineligible for meal subsidies. Using a difference-in-difference estimation strategy, we derive plausibly causal estimates of the policy's impact by exploiting within and between group variation in school meal pricing before and after the policy change. Our estimates suggest that the policy resulted in small increases in breakfast participation both for students who experienced a decrease in the price of breakfast and for free-lunch eligible students who experienced no price change. The latter suggests that universal provision may alter behavior through mechanisms other than price, highlighting the potential merits of universal provision over targeted services. We find limited evidence of policy impacts on academic outcomes.     

酒店管理专业推行“营养配餐员职业资格证书”教育的教学实践——济南职业学院酒店管理专业人才“多证书培养”模式的教育实践之一

"多证书培养"的人才培养模式被国内高职院校广泛应用,在现有教育评价体系和职业准入制度的要求下,高职院校的学生获得与其专业相关的职业资格证书无疑是检验学校教育成果和获得所学职业就业资格的最规范的要求。因此,实施"多证书培养"模式,对于高职院校提高办学质量,学生积极进行职业生涯规划和扩展就业方向等都具有重要意义。     

The Reliability of Free School Meal Eligibility as a Measure of Socio-Economic Disadvantage: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study in Wales

Over the last 20 years, the use of administrative data has become central to understanding pupil attainment and school performance. Of most importance has been its use to robustly demonstrate the impact of socio-economic status (SES) on pupil attainment. Much of this analysis in England and Wales has relied on whether pupils are eligible for free school meals (eFSM). However, very little is known about the validity of this measure as a proxy for SES. Using a recent major birth cohort study, this paper examines the relationship between pupils’ eFSM and their more detailed socio-economic circumstances.     

提高高校膳食质量面临的问题及对策

质量是高校膳食的生命，是师生健康就餐的保障。随着我国高校后勤社会化改革的学化发展，如何深化高校膳食改革成为一个重要课题。本文对如何提高高校膳食质量面临的有关问题进行了分析与研究，并提出了一些解决问题的办法与途径。     

运动训练对高脂膳食大鼠主动脉M_2受体的影响

目的 探讨运动训练对高脂膳食大鼠主动脉M2受体表征的影响.方法 通过建立动物模型,采用跑台训练方式,运用免疫组织化学方法,研究大鼠主动脉M2受体的分布以及运动训练对高脂膳食大鼠主动脉M2受体表达的影响.结果 与安静对照组比较,有氧运动组和高脂膳食加有氧运动组主动脉M2受体表达的平均光密度值(MOD)显著增加;大强度运动组和高脂膳食组均减少,但高脂膳食组差异较显著.结论 大鼠主动脉上有M2受体分布;大强度运动可使高脂膳食大鼠主动脉M2受体的表达减少,但高脂膳食对其影响较为显著;有氧运动显著增加正常大鼠和高脂膳食大鼠主动脉M2受体的表达.因此认为,有氧运动可通过迷走神经有效预防和改善动脉粥样硬化(AS)的发生和发展.     

草原文化背景下蒙餐文化特征解析

草原文化是内蒙古独特的资源优势。以草原文化为依托的蒙餐文化,具有绿色天然、饮食一体、注重本味、突出礼仪、食娱同行、体现民俗、营养保健、医食同补的特征,迎合了时代消费理念。新经济时代,应大力弘扬蒙餐饮食文化,增强蒙餐的影响力,为当地经济发展助力。     

工作过程系统化的营养配餐课程开发与思考

基于课程的定位、课程设计的思路、内容的组织和安排、教学策略的设计和学业评价的设计五方面介绍工作过程系统化的营养配餐课程设计方案,阐述课程设计方案在我院的实施情况及教学中的几点思考。     

Can the English Baccalaureate act as an educational equaliser?

ABSTRACT

Ensuring equal access to a broad and balanced curriculum for all students is a key component of a socially just education system. Yet in England, the freedom that 16-year-old students have to choose the GCSE subjects they study has created divisions in the pathways taken by students from different backgrounds. In 2010, a new accountability measure, the English Baccalaureate (EBacc), was introduced to encourage more disadvantaged students to study the ‘core academic’ GCSE subjects. This paper investigates the success of this initiative by analysing the relationship between free school meal (FSM) eligibility, studying the EBacc subjects and GCSE attainment. The findings are used to illustrate the complexities of balancing equal access to academic subjects against fair access to future opportunities, which often depend on good grades, when trying to deliver social justice in an education system that has an entrenched attainment gap.