An analysis on document length retrieval trends in language modeling smoothing

Document length is widely recognized as an important factor for adjusting retrieval systems. Many models tend to favor the retrieval of either short or long documents and, thus, a length-based correction needs to be applied for avoiding any length bias. In Language Modeling for Information Retrieval, smoothing methods are applied to move probability mass from document terms to unseen words, which is often dependant upon document length. In this article, we perform an in-depth study of this behavior, characterized by the document length retrieval trends, of three popular smoothing methods across a number of factors, and its impact on the length of documents retrieved and retrieval performance. First, we theoretically analyze the Jelinek–Mercer, Dirichlet prior and two-stage smoothing strategies and, then, conduct an empirical analysis. In our analysis we show how Dirichlet prior smoothing caters for document length more appropriately than Jelinek–Mercer smoothing which leads to its superior retrieval performance. In a follow up analysis, we posit that length-based priors can be used to offset any bias in the length retrieval trends stemming from the retrieval formula derived by the smoothing technique. We show that the performance of Jelinek–Mercer smoothing can be significantly improved by using such a prior, which provides a natural and simple alternative to decouple the query and document modeling roles of smoothing. With the analysis of retrieval behavior conducted in this article, it is possible to understand why the Dirichlet Prior smoothing performs better than the Jelinek–Mercer, and why the performance of the Jelinek–Mercer method is improved by including a length-based prior.

Exact solution of an external circular crack in a piezoelectric solid subjected to shear loading

A three-dimensional, exact analysis is presented in this paper for the problem of an external circular crack in a transversely isotropic piezoelectric medium subjected to arbitrary antisymmetric shear loading. A recently proposed general solution of three-dimensional piezoelectricity is employed. It is shown that four quasi harmonic functions involved in the general solution can be respresented by just one complex potential. Previous results in potential theory are then used to obtain the exact solution of the problem. For point shear loading, Green’s functions for the elastoelectric field are derived in terms of elementary functions. Project supported by Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry and partly by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (10002016).     

词族现象探微

词族的大量出现,有其独特的语言学价值。它说明了附加构词法表现非常突出,汉语的最佳词音长度受到挑战,某些外来悟睚成为汉语中能产性极强的构词语素。词族现象也为我们提供了透视社会变革,考察人们思想观念变化等方面的认识价值。     

含横向裂纹的转动轴的振动基频分析

利用等效线弹簧模型近似计算了含裂纹转动轴的自由振动基频。裂纹轴的横向位移看成是由无裂纹轴的横向位移和由裂纹引起的附加位移的叠加。具体讨论了裂纹深度、裂纹所处的位置以及裂纹角对轴自由振动基频的影响,其结果与实际情况吻合。     

高层建筑大体积混凝土裂缝的预防

阐述如何控制大体积泵送混凝土水泥水化热引起的混凝土内外温差和混凝土收缩产生的裂缝,指出在水泥中加入纤维可以提高混凝土抗拉强度,控制基体中微裂缝的形成和发展,结合某工程混凝土抗裂安全度计算,提出采用掺入杜拉纤维方法来防止高层建筑大体积混凝土温度裂缝产生是可行有效的。     

t重n阶同余数的性质与应用

本文对t重n阶同余数的性质进行了初步探讨并应用这些性质给出了任意数同余初阶的简易求法,并提出一类循环小数的循环节等长问题供讨论。     

大体积混凝土温度裂缝的控制系统

依据最新信息技术,建立了大体积混凝土温度裂缝控制系统,详细介绍了温度场分析和CP温度应力解析的过程。该系统可以采用对话式操作,对大体积混凝土温度裂缝的控制具有广泛的指导意义。     

A Simple Model to Determine the Efficient Duration of Exams

This study develops a theoretical model for the costs of an exam as a function of its duration. Two kind of costs are distinguished: (1) the costs of measurement errors and (2) the costs of the measurement. Both costs are expressed in time of the student. Based on a classical test theory model, enriched with assumptions on the context, the costs of the exam can be expressed as a function of various parameters, including the duration of the exam. It is shown that these costs can be minimized in time. Applied in a real example with reliability .80, the outcome is that the optimal exam time would be much shorter and would have reliability .675. The consequences of the model are investigated and discussed. One of the consequences is that optimal exam duration depends on the study load of the course, all other things being equal. It is argued that it is worthwhile to investigate empirically how much time students spend on preparing for resits. Six variants of the model are distinguished, which differ in their weights of the errors and in the way grades affect how much time students study for the resit.     

细长轴车削动特性的研究

对细长轴车削的动特性进行了分析、试验和研究，为保证细长轴车削的稳定性以提高加工质量，提出了转速与进量的合理计算公式，计算与实验结果基本一致。     

钢筋混凝土梁板裂缝的预防与处理

从施工角度出发，分析了钢筋混凝土粱板裂缝的成因，并提出了预防裂缝的措施及其处理方法。