Are gait characteristics and ground reaction forces related to energy cost of running in elite Kenyan runners?

The aim of this study was to determine whether gait cycle characteristics are associated with running economy in elite Kenyan runners. Fifteen elite Kenyan male runners completed two constant-speed running sets on a treadmill (12 km ·h^?1 and 20 km ·h^?1). VO₂ and respiratory exchange ratio values were measured to calculate steady-state oxygen and energy cost of running. Gait cycle characteristics and ground contact forces were measured at each speed. Oxygen cost of running at different velocities was 192.2 ± 14.7 ml· kg^?1· km^?1 at 12 km· h^?1 and 184.8 ± 9.9 ml· kg^?1· km^?1 at 20 km· h^?1, which corresponded to a caloric cost of running of 0.94 ± 0.07 kcal ·kg^?1·km^?1 and 0.93 ± 0.07 kcal· kg^?1· km^?1. We found no significant correlations between oxygen and energy cost of running and biomechanical variables and ground reaction forces at either 12 or 20 km· h^?1. However, ground contact times were ~10.0% shorter (very large effect) than in previously published literature in elite runners at similar speeds, alongside an 8.9% lower oxygen cost (very large effect). These results provide evidence to hypothesise that the short ground contact times may contribute to the exceptional running economy of Kenyan runners.     

The effects of mental fatigue on cricket-relevant performance among elite players

This study investigated the effects of a mentally fatiguing test on physical tasks among elite cricketers. In a cross-over design, 10 elite male cricket players from a professional club performed a cricket run-two test, a Batak Lite reaction time test and a Yo-Yo-Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo-IR1) test, providing a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after completing a 30-min Stroop test (mental fatigue condition) or 30-min control condition. Perceived fatigue was assessed before and after the two conditions and motivation was measured before testing. There were post-treatment differences in the perception of mental fatigue (P < 0.001; d = ?7.82, 95% CIs = ?9.05–6.66; most likely). Cricket run-two (P = 0.002; d = ?0.51, 95% CIs = ?0.72–0.30; very likely), Yo-Yo-IR1 distance (P = 0.023; d = 0.39, 95% CIs = 0.14–0.64; likely) and RPE (P = 0.001; d = ?1.82, 95% CIs = ?2.49–1.14; most likely) were negatively affected by mental fatigue. The Batak Lite test was not affected (P = 0.137), yet a moderate (d = 0.41, 95% CIs = ?0.05–0.87) change was likely. Mental fatigue, induced by an app-based Stroop test, negatively affected cricket-relevant performance.     

"对解释进行解释"--以鲁迅《并非闲话》为个案试论杂文意指实现方式

杂文意指过程中,往往需要对“元语言“话语系统中所作的“解释“进行“再解释“,以探察“元语言“话语系统中存在的矛盾性痕迹与消解性缝隙,实现对“元语言“话语系统的解构,并作出有利于“新元语言“话语系统的阐释,由此展开“新元语言“话语系统的建构.“对解释进行解释“,更全面真实地描述了杂文意指的整个实现过程,可以充当杂文的一种意指实现方式.     

论我国近代癸卯学制时期体育课程的主要内容与特征

我国近代体育课程以癸卯学制的颁布实施为开端,正式登上历史舞台。癸卯学制时期是我国近代教育的起步时期,也是我国体育课程走向近代化的关键一步。笔者对癸卯学制时期清朝政府颁布的钦定学堂章程(未实施)和奏定学堂章程中所规定的有关体育课程的内容做了论述,并着重分析探讨了癸卯学制时期体育课程的主要特征。     

中外优秀男运动员百米动作速度时空结构的运动学特征

通过文献资料、高速摄像和对比分析的方法,对中外男运动员百米途中跑一个单步的步长、步时及人体重心轨迹进行研究,制定了短跑运动员所应达到的步频、步幅范围与跑速之间关系的模式表,为教练员科学训练提供了依据.     

世界优秀短跑运动员100m各分段步频、步长、平均速度变化规律的研究

利用数理统计法对世界优秀短跑运动员100m跑的各分段步频、步长等运动学指标进行评析，研究表明：世界优秀短跑运动员100m跑中长时间保持高速的途径是依靠自己的步长，而不是努力提高步频来保持；全程跑的加速节奏对全程的成绩有较大的影响；在各分段步长与步频对跑速的贡献具有显性差异。     

表面肌电评价不同运动强度和收缩方式的股直肌疲劳的研究

利用表面肌电对股直肌运动进行全程监测,通过相关指标判断在三种不同收缩方式、不同时间段股直肌疲劳的程度并探讨产生疲劳的机理.方法:(1)运动方式:以25%、40%、55%、70%、85%MVC负荷强度坐在肌力凳上采取向心、等长和离心收缩进行下肢负重蹬伸运动.(2)肌电测试:采用表面肌电测量得出表面肌电图各指标参数.结论:iMEG值和P-P峰值能较好地反映人体肌肉运动疲劳的状态;不同时间段肌肉一次收缩的时间是一个能反映肌肉疲劳的良好机能指标.     

IEEE 1588协议分析及在网络化机载测试系统的应用

本文主要讲述发展基于1588同步协议的网络化机载测试系统需求原因,并重点针对1588同步协议进行了分析,尤其是第2版本中新提出的透明时钟模型以及透明时钟的延时处理机制。在此基础之上,针对在机载测试中可能影响同步精度的因素进行了逐一的分析,并提出了处理的方法。这些因素的考量以及处理的方案对于测试方案实施与设备的研制与定制具有一定的参考意义。     

泡沫混凝土刚度软化与剪力传递关系模型

泡沫混凝土在应用中存在强度偏低、开裂、吸水等缺陷,在长期荷载作用下,泡沫混凝土会产生开裂,需要研究泡沫混凝土的刚度软化与剪力传递关系模型,准确描述混凝土结构长期变形及受力行为的徐变耦合特性,掌握服役期内的结构的长期变形及受力状态,为建筑结构防护提供参考。传统模型中仅考虑未开裂部分混凝土的徐变及开裂混凝土对整体刚度的影响,在裂缝的存在,使得混凝土结构刚度降低。提出一种基于裂缝坐标系下泡沫混凝土刚度软化与剪力传递关系模型,分析泡沫混凝土徐变产生及载重分配的机理,得到单轴受压条件下本构关系,按等效应力-应变关系来计算变化的切线弹性模量,在裂缝坐标系下,较准确地描述了泡沫混凝土的平均盈利比率变化与温度和刚度软化之间的关系,经算例验证表明,计算结果可靠,计算精度满足工程使用要求。     

诺贝尔科学奖跨学科师承效应定量研究

交叉学科往往是学科新的生长点,有可能产生新的科学突破,为科学带来革命性的发展。交叉科学的发展离不开大量跨学科的人才,而高水平跨学科人才的培养始于交叉学科的研究生教育。文章选取1901-2013年诺贝尔科学奖获奖者为研究对象,以是否师从诺贝尔奖得主为分组变量,从物理、化学和生理或医学三大学科内和跨学科角度对比分析师承效应的影响,凸显跨学科师承效应的作用。研究结果表明,与单纯的学科内师承效应相比,考虑跨学科师生关系的师承效应可更显著地促进未来诺贝尔科学奖获奖者的成长和成才。