Maarif: transformation of a concept in the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the nineteenth century

During the Ottoman period, ‘science (ilim, pl. ulûm)’, ‘knowledge (marifet, pl. maarif)’ and ‘technique (fen, pl. fünûn)’ emerged as three important concepts of knowledge. Maarif, which came into prominence with Selim III, began to undergo a semantic transformation together with the concepts of ulûm and fünûn and by the time of Mahmud II it had become an overarching concept representing the knowledge dimension of the new era. This article discusses the semantic transformation of maarif, focusing on the period between 1789 and 1839. This study applies the history of concepts approach developed by Reinhart Koselleck, whereby a synchronic analysis of the concept of maarif is undertaken alongside an examination of its diachronic dimension. This reveals an ambiguous and multi-dimensional structure and helps us to account for its evolution as an umbrella term.     

无穷的魅力和些微的瑕斑——关于毛泽东诗词的再认识

到目前为止 ,对毛泽东诗词的研究存在着一个偏向和两个不足 ,一个偏向是尽为褒词 ,个个都“欲与天公试比高”。两个不足是对文本的具体而深入的分析十分不够 ,如《菩萨蛮·大柏地》在色彩之调动和构图之布局上的成就 ,数部主要析释著作 ,均未作艺术探赏 ;而作品的不足之处上述专著也只字未提。毛泽东诗词研究应在这些方面进行必要的补课。     

中小学生不良数学信念的表现及成因

中小学学生的不良数学信念，主要表现在如何对待数学、如何对待数学学习两个方面。学生所以产生不良数学信念，既与教师、教材、教法及教师的数学现有关，也与学生的自我意识有关。分析学生不良数学信念的表现及产生原因，有助于教师帮助学生树立正确数学信念以提高数学教学质量。     

走出地方大学发展的误区

地方大学是我国高等教育的重要组成部分,改革开放后20多年来取得了长足的进步,但在发展中也遇到诸如模仿老校、盲目攀比、目标错位、模式单一等问题。本指出了地方大学存在误区的表现,分析了陷入误区的原因,并从宏观上阐述了地方大学走出误区的若干出路。     

从自由看"京派"--论"京派"文学观念的本质特征

西方文化中的自由主义思想影响着“京派”知识分子,于是“京派”文学也呈现出自由主义文艺思潮：从文艺的本体观到创作观再到批评观可以看到“京派”文艺观念和风貌。可以说,自由主义从根本上塑造了“京派”,是“京派”成“京派”的根本所在。     

Located in the thin of it: Young children’s use of thin moral concepts

One important socio-cultural medium through which young children’s moral understanding is cultivated is parent/child discourse. Of particular interest to us was young children’s use of basic (‘thin’) evaluative concepts (good, bad, right and wrong), which are ubiquitous in everyday discourse and serve as a potential bridge from the non-moral to the moral domain. We investigated 14 2–5-year-old children’s (and their parents’) use of thin evaluative concepts and found that while they frequently used good and bad to morally evaluate other people’s and their own psychological/dispositional states and behaviors—as well as, less frequently, to highlight relevant standards, expectations and rules—they did not use right and wrong. In contrast, a sample of US written and spoken public conversation revealed that adults did. Reasons for this are discussed, along with the frequency of different types of moral evaluations, differences between children and their parents, and age-related trends.     

普通高校人才战略观探析

普通高校在人才大战中人才外流现象严重,引进高层次人才困难,要改变这一被动局面,必须树立切合实际的人才战略观:1.以用为主,防止人才“异化”;2.重视大科学时代的人才成长群体效应;3.依靠校内师资,发挥自身优势;4.重视人才管理,充分发挥引进人才的作用。     

The effect of text genre on parent use of joint book reading strategies to promote phonological awareness

This study compared the rates of different types of joint book reading behaviors of parents of preschool children with and without language impairments using two different text genres. Participants included 72 preschool children between the ages of 51 and 70 months. Fifty-five children were typically developing and 17 were diagnosed with language impairments. Parent–child dyads were videotaped during periods of joint book reading using two different types of text (one alphabet-rhyming and one narrative). Results indicated parents rarely used reading behaviors known to enhance their preschoolers’ phonological awareness. However, when used, there was a significant difference between the two types of texts. The alphabet book elicited a higher rate of phonological awareness and print concept behaviors, while the narrative book resulted in parents using more content behaviors. In addition, the parents of typically developing children used more phonological awareness behaviors than the parents of children with language impairments.     

关联理论视野中的习语及其变体的理解机制阐释

关联理论为人类的认知本质设定了强有力的语用规范,为辨别区分可接受性和不可接收性语言变体提供了一条准绳,可以比较充分地阐释习语及其变体。在关联理论框架背景下,当听到不熟悉的习语形式时,受话者脑中会构建出一个定语式的、被充分理解的特定概念,并最终将其发展成为自身词汇库中的一个稳定项目。在理解习语变体的过程中,语链中蕴涵的变体概念及其组成要素会被激活,其间的部分信息还被评估并复制到一个新的特定概念中。这一过程必然生成原本习语形式无法达到的额外认知效果。     

无罪推定在中国

无罪推定原则作为一项国际通行的刑事法治原则，它在保护犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权益方面功不可没，故而有人将其与罪刑法定原则并称为刑事司法的两大基石。我国现行刑事诉讼法吸收了该原则的一些合理内核，但并不全面，我们应当在法律观念、诉讼形式、法律制度等方面加以完善．以期在我国刑事诉讼中最终确立真正的无罪推定原则，使刑事诉讼制度能够更好地保护人权，更加符合时代发展的要求。