Lessons from new experiences in extension in West Africa: Management advice for family farms and farmers' governance

The emergence of Management Advice for Family Farms in West Africa is closely related to the increased integration of farmers into an open market economy. This is creating a strong demand from farmers for advisory support services, focusing on management of the farm. With the gradual withdrawal of the State from extension services delivery, a stimulating context exists for reviewing approaches and systems of support delivery facilities for producers. In response to these developments, several experiments based on the concepts of Management Advice for Family Farms are going on in West Africa. Beyond a variety of objectives and implementation procedures analysed in this paper, common features and a considerable degree of consensus on concepts emerge. Strengthening the producers' capacity for assessment, decision-making, and management of their farms is a common objective. Differences exist between procedures for delivery of advice, methods, tools used, and emphasis put on different aspects of management. All experiments stress the importance of training, enhancing group dynamics, and individual learning. They are all farmer and farm family targeted. Expression of farmers' objectives, needs, and demands is essential. Advice is based on data gathering and assessment by the farmers themselves. From mere technicians, extension workers become advisors and facilitators. In all cases, Farmers' Organisations are involved in governing the delivery services, though at different degrees. In several cases priority is given towards strengthening farmers' capacity in the management of delivery at both local and global levels. Significant improvements in farm performances have been reported. Cost sharing is generally accepted, but insufficient to cover all costs. However, to reach sustainability for farmers' driven and governed advice delivery services, innovative agricultural policies, and public finance are needed.     

Thawing the North: Mostly Martha as a German-Italian Eatopia

Abstract

The establishment of the European Union, reunification of Germany, and Germany's extension of dual citizenship to immigrant minorities provided challenges to the country's understanding of itself as a nation. In negotiating these changes, debates on citizenship frequently centered on definitions of German culture. Using the concept of Leitkultur (guiding culture), conservatives argued that Germany should reject multiculturalism and stem immigration. This essay analyzes discourses on cultural policy in Germany through a contextual and textual analysis of the film Mostly Martha. In its alignment with aesthetic conventions of the art house food film, Mostly Martha participates in the debate on cultural citizenship and embodies changes in the German film industry that have moved German cinema toward increased commercialism. The film's main character, Martha, is transformed through an intercultural relationship and a trip to Italy. We argue that the film's citation of this well-known tradition of traveling south to redeem oneself and its treatment of ethnic “Otherness” engages in the Leitkultur debate and participates in the transition from national German to transnational cinema. Through the utopian treatment of Italian food, the film fetishizes cultural difference and reaffirms fixed constructs of nation and gender, thereby avoiding an explicitly politicized engagement with intercultural citizenship and identity.     

临沧市农村食品安全存在的问题和对策

从临沧的基本市情入手，分析找出了临沧市农村食品安全存在的五个问题；指出，要把农村食品安全这个广大农民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题抓好抓实，应采取的六项主要措施；同时提出应注意正确处理好基层政府与监管部门、监督与服务、严格执法与因地制宜的三个关系。从而营造一个公平有序，安全健康的食品消费环境。     

健康教育嵌入式营养与食品卫生选修课探索

高校学生选修营养与食品卫生类课程的人数较多,其目的是为健康而改变行为。因此,在开展选修课教学过程中,可嵌入健康教育的思想,通过课前调查、课中交流了解学生的实际问题,有针对性地开展教学活动,并在教学中通过师生互动、同伴教育等形式巩固正确思想,纠偏不当行为,在完成选修课教学内容的同时,实现健康教育的目标。     

Potential natural exposure of endangered red-crowned crane (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Grus japonensis</Emphasis>) to mycotoxins aflatoxin B<Subscript>1</Subscript>, deoxynivalenol,zearalenone, T-2 toxin,and ochratoxin A

A survey was conducted to determine whether mycotoxins were present in the foods consumed by red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) in the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve, China. Collected in the reserve’s core, buffer, and experimental zones during overwintering periods of 2013 to 2015, a total of 113 food samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B₁, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and ochratoxin A using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contamination incidences vary among different zones and the mycotoxins levels of different food samples also presented disparity. Average mycotoxin concentration from rice grain was greater than that from other food types. Among mycotoxin-positive samples, 59.3% were simultaneously contaminated with more than one toxin. This study demonstrated for the first time that red-crowned cranes were exposed to mycotoxins in the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve and suggested that artificial wetlands could not be considered good habitats for the birds in this reserve, especially rice fields.     

离子色谱法在食品分析中的应用

本对离子色谱在食品分析中的应用作了综述性的报导。     

安定对肉仔鸡生长性能及抗热应激能力的影响

用120只AA肉仔鸡,分成四组（CK、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组）分别喂以含安定0ppm、1ppm、2ppm、4ppm的日粮,经21天饲养,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组比对照组摄含量分别提高4.30％、6.95％和7.88％．总增重分别提高7.42％、13.53%和17.71%,饲料转化率分别提高3.0%、6.1%和9.1%。通过试验观察,安定具有一定的抗热应激的作用,在35-37℃的环境中,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组和对照组的采食量分别下降35%、31％、8%和46％,对照组下降最为明显。     

中国畜牧业生产结构的区域差异分析

中国畜牧业正处于从传统畜牧业向现代畜牧业转型的关键时期,为了全面地了解全国各地区畜牧业的发展现状、存在的问题和发展潜力,本文运用偏离-份额分析法对全国各地区自2003年-2007年以来的畜牧业生产结构及其比较优势进行对比分析。结果表明：各地区畜牧业发展不平衡,生产结构的区域化特征明显。通过对差异形成的原因分析后发现,各地区生产结构及其比较优势的形成与其社会经济状况、资源禀赋、市场需求等因素密切相关,但更深层次的解释是由于市场分割、各地区消费习惯差异以及生产者和政府目标收益的不一致引发的区域之间对其自身优势利用的程度不同所造成的。由于造成畜牧业生产结构区域差异的原因不尽相同,即使是同一种影响因素的作用程度也是轻重有别,这就导致了各地区畜牧业发展分属综合优势区、竞争优势区、结构优势区、优势缺乏区这4个不同的区域类型。最后,在基于资源禀赋与粮食安全的视域下,进一步指出我国区域畜牧业的发展方向是根据各地区资源环境特征以及畜禽生产条件进行优势区域布局,继续加大生产结构的调整力度,提高草食畜的生产比重,大力发展“节粮型”畜牧业。     

《食品与机械》践行社会责任的探索

通过总结《食品与机械》杂志在践行社会责任方面积极探索的经验,认为在食品安全背景下,食品类科技期刊应该在推动食品安全事业发展等方面担当起更多的社会责任。     

10435名食品从业人员HBsAg携带调查分析

反应反向间接血凝法（ＲＰＨＡ）,自１９８８年至１９９６年,在门源县对１０４３５名食品从业人员乙肝表面抗原ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性携带者进行检测,结果表明：随着《食品卫生法》的实施,阳性携带率基本呈下降趋势。