‘We Will Try Again,Again, Again to Make It Bigger’: Japan,American Football,and the Super Bowl in the Past,Present, and Future

Abstract

This study is to analyse how the Japanese have traditionally received and currently perceive the Super Bowl, and for this purpose, it aims to locate the position of American football in Japanese history, society, and culture. It explores the game’s history and then examine the degree of its spread among Japan’s sporting population. A two-dimensional approach of historical study and inter-game comparison gives context to the analyses of reference frequency and contents of news media, followed by speculative discussions of what the near future of Japan’s American football would be like. To conclude, it clarifies the ways the Super Bowl has been received and is now being perceived by two groups: The first group is the general people who see the Super Bowl as the convenient and useful medium by which they could learn effectively about American culture through the one-night mania for ‘conspicuous consumption’. The second group comprises American football experts and enthusiasts, including 13,000 athletes and their OBs, coaches, trainers, and other staff members of the leagues and associations as well as the general sports fans. For this group, the Super Bowl is the apex of their favourite sport to which only a selected talented few could join.     

校园足球教育改革与实践发展的思考——兼论成立中国（上海）足球教育学院的可行性

以校园足球人才培养为切入点,思考校园足球开展的实质、人才培养与发展出路等问题,探讨成立中国（上海）足球教育学院的必要性、可行性。通过充分整合高校、俱乐部、社会等资源,融合校园足球教育、人才培养、社会接纳三大系统,构建大中小学全覆盖、“一条龙”式的校园足球人才培养体系。     

第17届世界杯与第18届世界杯足球赛射门进球的统计对比分析

对第17届世界杯足球赛和第18届世界杯足球赛128场比赛的308个进球进行统计分析,其结果显示:右脚是射门进球的主要部位;射门宜低射和直接射门;边路、中路传球配合是突破防线最有效的进攻手段;运球突破是制造射门和威胁传球的有效手段。定位球进攻的作用日益突出。     

儿童少年女子足球运动员的体能训练初探

为探求儿童少年女子足球运动员有效体能和身体训练方式,采用实验法、对比法,对12～13岁儿童少年运动员进行2年的跟踪实验研究。结果表明：体能训练与足球专项训练融为一体,遵照儿童少年特点和身体发育规律进行针对性训练收到良好的训练效果;有助于克服机械、教条和呆板的思维,有助于提高孩子们的兴趣、意识和创造性思维,发展适合足球专项能力的体能和素质。     

2013赛季亚洲足球俱乐部冠军联赛广州恒大队与竞争对手攻防能力对比研究

采用文献资料、录像观察及数理统计等研究方法,统计与分析2013赛季亚洲足球俱乐部冠军联赛广州恒大队的全部14场比赛,对比研究竞争对手的攻防能力。结果表明,广州恒大队与竞争对手的攻防能力相比存在较大优势。     

Professional Football in Apartheid South Africa: Leisure,Consumption and Identity in the National Football League, 1959–1977

A growing body of academic and popular literature considers the history of South African football. These and existing publications pay little or no attention to the emergence of white professional football in apartheid South Africa. The National Football League (NFL) challenged the amateur game and introduced professional football to the country. During its 17-year existence, the NFL grew each season with large attendances until its demise in 1977. In addition, the NFL imported a range of international players, invited foreign teams and actively engaged in the political debates in South African sport at the time. The NFL was instrumental in popularising the game across the country for all South Africans. The NFL became the most popular sports entertainment of choice for South Africans during this period. Finally, the NFL actively engaged in a campaign of destroying rival non-racial anti-apartheid leagues while simultaneously co-opting less progressive organisations.     

Match activities of top-class female soccer assistant referees in relation to the offside line

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the match activities of top-class female assistant referees (mean age 34.8 years, s=3.5; stature 1.64 m, s=0.05; weight 58.1 kg, s=7.4; body mass index 21.6 kg · m^–2, s=2.4) in relation to the offside line. Computerized match analyses were performed on 14 top-class assistant referees during 10 matches (a total of 20 observations) from the 2006 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) under-20 Women's World Championship held in Russia. In addition, the position of the second last defensive player of both teams was calculated throughout the matches to determine the distance from the assistant referee to the offside line. The total distance covered during a game was 5594 m (s=473), of which 27% was sideways movements (1492 m, s=135). High-intensity activities (>13 km · h^–1) accounted for 1999 m (s=371). Mean distance from the offside line during the entire match was 1.06 m (s=0.26). Total distance covered, high-intensity activities, and distance from the offside line were not different (P>0.05) between the two halves of the game or consecutive 15-min match periods. Our results show that: (1) the kinematic demands placed on top-class female assistant referees are similar to those of top-class male assistant refereeing except for the amount of high-intensity activities, and (2) assistant referees were able to maintain the distance from the offside line during the match, which suggests an ability to keep up with the pace of the play throughout the match.     

第12届欧锦赛抢、断球技术运用情况的统计分析

对第12届欧锦赛抢、断球技术的运用情况进行统计分析,发现防守技术的运用在不同的区域会产生不同的效果;在整体防守下,断球已成为本届欧锦赛最主要的个人防守形式。这表明当今欧洲诸强在防守形式上表现出极强的整体性。     

对2008年欧锦赛运动员进球庆祝动作的分析

通过对2008年欧洲足球锦标赛的87个进球后球员的庆祝动作进行分析,得出如下结论:2008年欧洲足球锦标赛庆祝动作只有22种,庆祝姿势种类少、创新少,庆祝动作没有难度,但是有76%的庆祝动作较为激烈,没有商业色彩的庆祝动作出现.     

论中国足球协会超级联赛的发展对策

采用文献资料等研究方法，总结中国足球协会超级联赛过去一年实践的状况与存在的问题，从改革的视角分析，提出了中超联赛持续、健康发展的构想：依法治理中超联赛环境、加强中超联赛管理、提高中超联赛水平、建立俱乐部法人管理制度、抓好青少年足球运动后备人才的培养。