Preanalytical requirements of urinalysis

Urine may be a waste product, but it contains an enormous amount of information. Well-standardized procedures for collection, transport, sample preparation and analysis should become the basis of an effective diagnostic strategy for urinalysis. As reproducibility of urinalysis has been greatly improved due to recent technological progress, preanalytical requirements of urinalysis have gained importance and have become stricter. Since the patients themselves often sample urine specimens, urinalysis is very susceptible to preanalytical issues. Various sampling methods and inappropriate specimen transport can cause important preanalytical errors. The use of preservatives may be helpful for particular analytes. Unfortunately, a universal preservative that allows a complete urinalysis does not (yet) exist. The preanalytical aspects are also of major importance for newer applications (e.g. metabolomics). The present review deals with the current preanalytical problems and requirements for the most common urinary analytes.     

法语第二外语学习之学习动机

学生学习动机在法语学习中起着不可替代的作用,作为第二外语,摆在所有的教练员面前的问题是,如何保持这种动机学习法语,从开始到结束？     

简述曾朴的翻译活动及其对法国文学的接受

本文介绍了中国近代翻译史中最有代表性的法国文学翻译作家曾朴的生平及翻译活动。曾朴对于雨果这位法国资产阶级浪漫主义文学运动的领袖人物和代表作家有着特殊的感情。他富于幻想,热爱自由,不满黑暗的社会现实．他的翻译活动对当时的中国社会做出了巨大贡献。     

学生初学二外法语的不适感及教学对策

我国外语专业学生都要进行第二外语的学习,这是外语专业人才要掌握的基本技能。法国灿烂的文化及优越的留学政策,吸引了众多学生选择法语作为二外。然而,不少学生在初学期间,却表现出了对法语学习的种种不适应,甚至产生厌学情绪。学生这种初学的不适感是由法语的某些难点特性决定的,而教师也可采取一定的教学策略帮助学生减轻或消除这种不适感。     

Introduction to Sample Size Choice for Confidence Intervals Based on t Statistics

Sample size can be chosen to achieve a specified width in a confidence interval. The probability of obtaining a narrow width given that the confidence interval includes the population parameter is defined as the power of the confidence interval, a concept unfamiliar to many practitioners. This article shows how to utilize the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) proc power procedure to determine an appropriate sample size and achieve sufficient power for a specified confidence interval. Two examples in sport and exercise science are used to illustrate sample size determination for confidence intervals in the dependent and independent t tests. The relevant SAS code and output are provided with detailed annotations. As the use of confidence intervals becomes a more integral part of studies in sport and exercise science, the reporting and analysis of their power should be considered much like that of hypothesis tests.     

Application of Think Aloud Protocols for Examining and Confirming Sources of Differential Item Functioning Identified by Expert Reviews

This paper demonstrates and discusses the use of think aloud protocols (TAPs) as an approach for examining and confirming sources of differential item functioning (DIF). The TAPs are used to investigate to what extent surface characteristics of the items that are identified by expert reviews as sources of DIF are supported by empirical evidence from examinee thinking processes in the English and French versions of a Canadian national assessment. In this research, the TAPs confirmed sources of DIF identified by expert reviews for 10 out of 20 DIF items. The moderate agreement between TAPs and expert reviews indicates that evidence from expert reviews cannot be considered sufficient in deciding whether DIF items are biased and such judgments need to include evidence from examinee thinking processes.     

试析英语词汇对法语词汇的影响

从词汇学的角度就英语词汇对法语词汇影响的促因、领域和同化程度进行了较为全面的分析和论述。     

城市住户调查中的样本轮换问题研究

从我国城市住户调查的实际情况出发，就城市住户调查中现行样本轮换方法、存在的问题及改进方法等方面进行了详细的阐述。     

A study of associations among attachment patterns,maltreatment, and behavior problem in institutionalized children in Japan

The present study investigates the relationships among children's history of maltreatment, attachment patterns, and behavior problems in Japanese institutionalized children. Twenty-nine children (12 boys and 17 girls) from three different institutions in the Kinki area (Western part of Japan) participated in this study. Their average age was 6. 41-years (ranging from 4 to 10). Thirteen of the children (44.8%) had history of maltreatment before they were institutionalized. Children's attachment was assessed by the Attachment Doll Play Assessment (George & Solomon, 1990, 1996, 2000). The child’s main caregiver answered the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Archenbach, 1991) to identify children's behavior problems. Results indicated a significant relationship between maltreatment history and attachment pattern. The relationship between attachment pattern and behavior problem was also confirmed. Implications and limitations of this study were discussed.     

Perspectives on the right to publish: Globalinequalities, digital publications, and thelegacy of revolutionary France

By 1789 the French Enlightenment had alreadyestablished that the rights of citizensincluded the right to speak, write, and printfreely. This right has since been enshrined invarious national and international documents,but remains elusive in much of the world. Oneway to consider these freedoms is to look notjust across the world comparing nations thathave or don't have freedom, but back throughtime at the first effort to promulgate thesenew rights – the French Revolution. When theFrench Revolution created freedom of the pressin 1789, the French book publishing industrywas noted for five attributes: completecensorship of all publications, a rigidlyenforced printing monopoly, copyrightprotection for all authors, fossilized content,and the proliferation of illegal presses. Digital technology is enabling a second dawn ofpress freedoms, but the five problems found inFrance two centuries ago can still be seen invarious forms, especially in the massivemonopoly of book publishing by a few countries. The answers created by France in 1810 present apartial basis for how current governments couldrespond to contemporary problems with freedomof the press. Rightly used, new digitaltechnology also has an opportunity to finallyfacilitate one of civilization's fundamentalfreedoms.