Are the creative industries meritocratic? An analysis of the 2014 British Labour Force Survey

ABSTRACT

There is currently widespread concern that Britain’s cultural and creative industries (CCIs) are increasingly dominated by the privileged. This stands in stark contrast to dominant policy narratives of the CCIs as meritocratic. Until now this debate has been clouded by a relative paucity of data on class origins. This paper draws on new social origin data from the 2014 Labour Force Survey to provide the first large-scale, representative study of the class composition of Britain’s creative workforce. The analysis demonstrates that CCIs show significant variation in their individual “openness”, although there is a general under-representation of those from working-class origins across the sector. This under-representation is especially pronounced in publishing and music, in contrast to, for example, craft. Moreover, even when those from working-class backgrounds enter certain CCIs, they face a “class origin pay gap” compared to those from privileged backgrounds. The paper discusses how class inequalities, as well as those related to gender and ethnicity, between individual CCIs point to occupational subcultures that resist aggregation into the Department for Culture, Media and Sport’s broader category of CCIs. The paper concludes by suggesting the importance of disaggregating CCIs and rethinking the definition and boundaries of CCIs as a meaningful category.     

房价波动对贫富差距影响的作用机理

房地产市场的发展给中国经济带来了活力,然而房地产市场快速发展,也为中国经济催生出各种难题,稳定房价是解决中国经济和诸多社会问题的一把钥匙。房价上涨会通过财富分配效应、信贷效应和产业替代效应等多种途径扩大贫富差距,因而应想方设法稳定房地产市场的发展,缩小贫富差距。     

The timing of a time out: the gap year in life course context

Based on biographical interviews from a three-generation study in Norway, this article examines the place of the contemporary ‘gap year’ within life course transition trajectories and intergenerational relations embedded in wider patterns of social inequality. Under the heading of taking a gap year, young people on academic transition trajectories are often granted a time out after upper secondary, during which they can recuperate from competitive school experiences and resolve uncertainties about which type of higher education to pursue. For those following vocational transition trajectories, in contrast, a gap year appears irrelevant and out of the question. The timing of their educational decisions in the life course does not coincide with arrangements for a legitimate break. Whereas a gap year before university may be seen as understandable and even beneficial, a person taking a break before or during vocational education is more likely to be described as a ‘dropout’ or an ‘early school leaver’. Based on empirical analysis, the article discusses similarities and differences between contemporary gap years in Norway and what Erik Erikson described as the institutional moratorium. Young people’s access to the moratorium of a gap year appears to be a privilege unequally distributed in the population.     

国外高校图书馆用户数字素养研究现状及启示

数字素养是数字化时代用户应具备的核心素养之一。本文通过对相关研究的整理、归纳与总结,深入剖析用户数字素养内涵,在对国外高校图书馆用户数字素养理论研究和教育实践分析的基础上,提出高校图书馆开展用户数字素养研究框架模型,包括明确用户数字素养需求、界定数字素养概念范畴、量化数字素养能力评价体系、构建高校图书馆数字素养教育模式,以期为我国高校图书馆开展具体的用户数字素养教育提供参考和借鉴。     

英汉词语的文化差异

语言词汇是民族文化的载体,反映了人类社会生活的特征。英汉词语的文化内涵相当丰富,但在很多方面存在着不对应现象。本文举例论述了英汉词语的社会文化内涵的差异。     

Universal Service: Separating the Grain of Truth from the Proverbial Chaff

The prevailing notions of information egalitarianism impel us to seek uniform solutions for all those who lack adequate access to information and communication resources. However, a careful separation of the symbolism of universal service from the real issues reveals that uniform solutions make sense for some resources and not others. This article proposes that uniform solutions should be formulated for resources used in the communication mode, but a segmented approach should be adopted for those used in the information access mode.     

中国城乡体育消费差距的动态变化特征研究

本文在中国城乡二元经济结构的发展背景下,利用有别于传统线性平稳性的检验方法,采用Chortareas&Kapetanios(2009)所提出的SPSM结合KSS傅立叶单位根检验对1978-2012年期间我国30个省(市、自治区)城乡体育消费差距的稳定性进行了检验. 由于非线性傅立叶函数具有能够检验带有各种未知平滑结构突变点的非线性稳定的功能,因此在检验含有结构突变的非线性时间序列比传统线性的检验方法具有更高的检验"势". 实证结果表明上海、海南、新疆、青海和贵州地区的城乡体育消费差距的变动状态呈现稳定的趋势,表明这些收敛地区的城乡二元结构模式逐渐消失,而其他地区的城乡体育消费差距呈非线性发散趋势,意味着这些发散地区的发展模式仍具有较为明显的城乡二元结构发展特点,表明仅仅依靠市场调节作用尚不能控制这些发散区域的城乡体育消费差距.     

唐诗里的两极社会透视

从唐诗里采录有关贫、富两阶层两极生活的代表诗篇作为引线,比对了大唐社会上流阶层的繁富豪奢以至腐朽堕落和底层民众艰辛度日的痛苦生存现状。穿越时空,考察、认识大唐帝国繁荣强大的表象背后所隐藏的贫富差距过大、社会两极分化的严峻问题,解析了个别关注草根民生问题的诗人的赤子之心、仁者情怀、忧患意识。指出严重的社会两极分化正是大唐社会不和谐不可持续发展的主要原因。     

Identity Gap: Mediator Between Communication Input and Outcome Variables

After introducing the concept of identity gap, this study investigated the roles of 3 identity gaps (personal-enacted, personal-relational, and enacted-relational) in the relations between 2 communication input variables (assertiveness and communication apprehension) and a communication outcome variable (communication satisfaction). The results showed that the communication input variables did not have significant direct effects on the communication outcome variable. The effects of the communication input variables were transmitted to the communication outcome through the identity gaps. A personal-enacted identity gap directly mediated the effects of the communication inputs on the outcome. Personal-relational and enacted-relational identity gaps indirectly mediated the effects via a personal-enacted identity gap—that is, both communication inputs significantly predicted a personal-enacted identity gap, but neither a personal-relational nor an enacted-relational identity gap. However, a personal-enacted identity gap significantly predicted the other 2 identity gaps. Then, all 3 identity gaps significantly predicted communication satisfaction.     

宁夏会展经济发展的现状、问题及对策——以银川市为例

伴随着经济社会的发展,会展经济作为重要的经济活动,日益受到重视。银川会展经济自起步至今,慢慢发展壮大,经历了从无到有,从小到大,逐步成为了宁夏通往国际市场的新招牌。虽然当前银川会展经济取得了一定成绩,但比起同类城市还有相当大的差距。因此,本文通过对银川会展经济的研究,结合当前宁夏会展经济发展状况,对宁夏会展经济发展存在的问题进行分析并提出相应的对策。