城市环境治理类型及其治理途径

城市环境治理是各级管理者依据国家和当地的环境政策、环境法律法规和标准,协调城市经济社会发展与环境保护之间的关系,限制人类损害城市环境质量的活动的有关行为的总称。城市环境治理包括城市大气污染治理、城市水污染治理、城市固体废物污染治理、城市噪声污染治理等四类。不同类型的污染具有不同的特点,其危害也不同,对此应采取不同的治理途径。     

基于SIMATIC NET工业以太网污水处理厂监控系统设计

本文介绍了SIMATICNET工业以太网，提出了污水处理厂监控系统的整体设计方案，详细阐叙了系统网络的通讯原理以及监控软件的具体实现。     

福州市垃圾处理系统优化设计及规划

随着经济的发展和城市居民生活水平的提高，城市生活垃圾已经成为当前世界性的严重公害之一。如何优化城市生活垃圾治理系统是解决“垃圾围城”的热点问题。从理论上讲，城市生活垃圾处理模型是一个包含费用最小、处理风险最小、综合效益（社会效益、环境效益、经济效益）最大这3个目标的非线性规划模型。但是，除各处理费用因素可直接量化外，处理风险、综合效益的量化较困难。该文应用运筹学理论，依据处理费用最小、综合效益最大的原则建立多目标优化模型，并结合福州市实际情况，对福州市近、中期城市生活垃圾治理系统进行优化设计。优化结果分析表明，福州市城市生活垃圾较为理想的处理方式为：到2005年，用于堆肥28.59×104t?a-1，填埋36.81×104t?a-1；到2010年，用于堆肥36.97×104t?a-1，填埋30.67×104t?a-1, 焚烧5.40×104t?a-1。因此，福州市要构筑较为理想的城市生活垃圾处理系统，近2a需完成红庙岭二号库区卫生填埋场的建设，填埋量为1000t?d -1；2005年需建成制肥厂一座，生产规模为1000t?d -1；2010年需建焚烧厂一座，焚烧量为200t?d -1。     

高填方路基纵向裂缝成因及压浆处理技术探讨

目的:探讨高填方路基纵向裂缝产生的原因和处理对策。方法:采用压浆技术对路基纵向裂缝进行处理。选取合适的压浆孔径及孔间距,孔呈梅花状分布,压浆压力为0.5~1.0Mpa。结果:水泥浆在土中能充分并均匀地分布,路基停止继续沉降,其裂缝也得到了弥补,不再有裂缝产生的现象。结论:采用压浆技术对高填方路基纵向裂缝进行处理具有良好效果。     

A treatment and education program for parents and children who are at-risk of abuse and neglect

A treatment program for families at-risk of abusive or neglectful parenting was described and evaluated. The program combined intervention strategies and concepts based on research on abuse, early intervention, education and social service. Treatment and education for the parent and child were provided in the three services of the program: Home-Based, Family School, and Neighborhood Peer Support Groups. At-risk families were identified by a high-risk stress index. Program evaluation was based on 46 families and their 74 preschool-age children. Data collected were: incidence of child abuse or neglect, family stresses, observations of parent-child interactions, family goal measurement, and developmental testing of the children. A significant reduction occurred in the number of children abused or neglected as compared to a similar high-risk, nonintervention sample. The family stresses were reduced, parent-child interactions improved, and the intellectual decline of the children was prevented. Families who participated in all three services gained the most from the program.     

吸附法处理含铅废水的研究

用天然陶土、池塘底泥吸附处理含铅模拟废水探究吸附剂用量，吸附时间，废水酸度以及铅离子初始浓度等对铅离子去除率的影响，实验表明，方法简便，去除率高，易于推广。     

环境工程专业《废水生物处理新技术》课程教学探讨

《废水生物处理新技术》作为环境工程专业非常重要的一门选修课旨在《水污染控制》专业课的基础上对国内外废水生物处理新技术做一个全面的介绍。因此对授课教师的知识水平、教学能力及学生的专业基础要求颇高。本文探讨了该课程的性质和目的,课程的主要内容,教学过程中存在的问题及解决措施,为高校环境工程专业开设这门选修课的授课教师及教学研究人员提供有价值的参考。     

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Traumatic Separation

ObjectivesIn light of the current U.S. family separation crisis, there is growing attention to Childhood Traumatic Separation, defined here as a significant traumatic stress reaction to a familial separation that the child experiences as traumatic. When living in a family setting, Childhood Traumatic Separation may interfere with the child's relationships with the current caregiver(s). Effective treatments for Childhood Traumatic Grief can be modified to address Childhood Traumatic Separation. This article describes current applications of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for Childhood Traumatic Separation.MethodsUsing two composite clinical cases, TF-CBT applications for Childhood Traumatic Separation are described. These include: (1) implementing the safety component first; (2) tailoring coping skills to address the uncertainty of Childhood Traumatic Separation; (3) integrating past traumas into trauma narration and processing of the traumatic familial separation; (4) providing Childhood Traumatic Separation-focused components to address challenges of committing to new relationships while retaining connections to the separated parent; and (5) addressing role changes.ResultsThese modifications have been implemented for many youth with Childhood Traumatic Separation and have anecdotally resulted in positive outcomes. Research is needed to document their effectiveness.ConclusionsThe above practical strategies can be incorporated into TF-CBT to effectively treat children with Traumatic Separation.Practical implicationsPractical strategies include starting with safety strategies; tailoring skills components to address the ongoing uncertainty of traumatic separation; integrating past traumas into trauma narration and processing of traumatic separation; providing traumatic separation-focused components to balance the challenges of committing to new relationships with retaining connections to the separation parent; and addressing role changes. Through these strategies therapists can successfully apply TF-CBT for Childhood Traumatic Separation.     

Target blood pressure in diabetes patients with hypertension—What is the accumulated evidence in 2011?

There is overwhelming evidence that hypertension is an important risk factor for both macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with diabetes, but the problem remains to identify appropriate goals for preventive therapies. A number of guidelines (the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 2007, the Joint National Committee (JNC)-VII 2003, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2011) have for example advocated a blood pressure goal of less than 130/80 mmHg, but this suggestion has been challenged by findings in recent trials and meta-analyses (2011). The European Society of Hypertension (ESH) therefore recommends a systolic blood pressure goal of “well below” 140 mmHg. Based on evidence from both randomized controlled trials (hypertension optimal treatment (HOT), action in diabetes and vascular disease: preterax and diamicron MR controlled evaluation (ADVANCE), action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD)) and observational studies (ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial (ONTARGET), international verapamil-trandolapril study (INVEST), treat to new targets (TNT), and the National Diabetes Register (NDR)), it has been shown that the benefit for stroke reduction remains even at lower achieved blood pressure levels, but the risk of coronary events may be uninfluenced or even increased at lower systolic blood pressure levels. In a recent meta-analysis, it was therefore concluded that the new recommended goal should be 130–135 mmHg systolic blood pressure for most patients with type 2 diabetes. Other risk factors should also be controlled with a more ambitious strategy applied in the younger patients with shorter diabetes duration, but a more cautious approach in the elderly and frail patients with a number of vascular or non-vascular co-morbidities. In patients from East Asia, such as China, the stroke risk is relatively higher than the risk of coronary events. This must also be taken into consideration for individualized goal setting in relation to total risk, for example in patients from stroke-prone families. In conclusion, the current strategy is to have a more individualized approach to risk factor control in patients with type 2 diabetes, also relevant for blood pressure control.     

门诊预约诊疗服务模式的实践与体会

为贯彻落实深化医药卫生体制改革意见,有针对性地解决群众反映突出的看病难问题,积极推进预约诊疗服务工作,瑞金医院以信息化自主开发团队为依托,开展了多种预约诊疗方式,改进了患者就诊服务流程,改善了医院系统服务功能,方便了群众就医,缓解了百姓看病难的困境。