霍布斯的和谐社会思想及其价值

霍布斯构建和谐社会思想以人与人战争的自然状态为出发点,自然法为社会和谐提供道德约束,社会契约是维护和谐社会的外在规范,君主政体是实现和谐社会的途径,对于如何处理强有力国家与独立的市民社会的关系有一定启示意义。     

个人的位置——洛克与霍布斯自然权利观及与马克思个人全面发展的比较

霍布斯和洛克均以个人为理论的出发点和归宿创建"自然权利"。但在对人性的初始分析中,二者就有不同的趋向,霍布斯的逻辑一贯的论证将个人由自然状态送入"利维坦"中,洛克的折中与调和却为个人营造了一个"有限政府"。马克思的个人却是置于历史的社会形态中的具体发展。     

霍布斯与柯克的理性概念之辩

霍布斯与柯克之争的核心问题是权威抑或智慧立法。柯克的中世纪理性概念预设了超验规范的存在,这对于制衡王权,维护英国司法精英的地位具有重要意义。另一方面,超验秩序的信念对于近代个人主义的兴起却是重大的阻碍。同时,判例法主导的普通法,徘徊于法律发展的拟制和衡平阶段,不能满足近代国家对于大规模立法创制的需要。霍布斯的"法律命令说"是对传统普通法第一次全面的理性批判,奠定了英国法近代转型的哲学基础。     

Home–school agreements: explaining the growth of ‘juridification’ and contractualism in schools

Since 1998 all maintained schools, academies and city technology colleges in England and Wales have been required to publish a home–school agreement. This documents the school’s responsibilities and the obligations of parents, and itemises the behaviour expected of pupils. Most of the parties sign it, from as young as four, although there is no legal obligation to do so. Interview evidence would suggest, however, that the agreement is not only asymmetrically constructed but can be read as part of a broader and worrying shift in cultural practice that augments law-based or ‘juridified’ forms of social management. It also suffers from deficits more commonly associated with contract theory insofar as it makes similar assumptions about human nature that misjudge and undervalue the qualities of moral obligation and trust. The paper argues that this creates problems for schools functionally dependent upon social integration through shared values and consensus formation.     

霍布斯的人性善恶观辨析

霍布斯的人性观是其政治哲学的基础,但是目前学界对霍布斯的善恶观却没有一个统一的认识。最普遍的观点是认为霍布斯的人性观是"恶"的,但对霍布斯人性观进行重新审视后发现,其实霍布斯的人性观并不是"恶",而是"非善非恶",这种人性善恶观也正是霍布斯政治哲学的基础。     

霍布斯正义观初探

霍布斯是17世纪英国著名的唯物主义哲学家,欧洲近代机械唯物主义的奠基人,资产阶级政治思想家。霍布斯认为在自然状态下,根本不存在任何善恶、是非、正义与不义等观念和准则。只有建立在“契约”基础上的和平社会状态才有正义与否之言,正义则“必须履行已订的契约”,违约则为不义。其正义理论不但在当时反对封建主义和宗教神学的斗争中起了积极的进步的作用,而且对后来欧洲各国伦理学的发展也具有重要的影响。     

霍布斯自然权利学说初探

通过对霍布斯所描述的自然状态与国家状态中自然权利的深入分析比较,展现霍布斯自然权利学说的原貌,并揭示霍布斯自然权利经由"隶从契约"演进的必然性与可能性。     

On Peers,Those ‘Particular Friends’

As an outgrowth of the institutionalisation of science, peers have come to enjoy a prerogative making them key actors in the configuration of the exercise of science. Indeed, as referees, they have been endowed with an enormous political power in that their function no longer restricts them to merely certifying or attesting: they have to assess. Scholarly writing, as conceived of by Robert Boyle, coupled with its transformation into writing bearing an imprimatur, serves as the starting point of our discussion of this aspect which is also part and parcel of science education.     

浅议霍布斯与洛克政府观之比较

霍布斯与洛克是17世纪著名的政治哲学家,他们深入探讨了政府的起源、内容及运作,为政府理论奠定了一定的思想基础,并对后世产生了重大的影响。他们认为政府不是根据神创造的,而是通过社会契约创造的,君权不是神授的,而是人民转让的,政府的目的是保护人民的生命和财产。霍布斯主张强势政府,君主的权力应当具有至高无上性,他是集权主义者。洛克则主张有限政府,政府的一切权力都应当受到限制,要求分权制衡,他是自由主义者。     

霍布斯恐惧的内在关联

霍布斯与恐惧相伴终生,但恐惧带给霍布斯的并不只是怯懦,还有成就。对重返自然状态的恐惧使得霍布斯意识到主权权力的重要性,对主权者命运的恐惧使得霍布斯觉察到知识权力泛滥的危害性,而用强大到极限的主权权力的恐惧来对抗知识权力扩张的恐惧又是霍布斯所追求的终极政治目标。