20世纪初年的文艺与国民思潮

20世纪初年的国民思潮是清末中国思想史上一个显著的特征。思想文化界开始运用各种文艺形式来塑造国民意识 ,使中国社会朝着独立、富强与民主的方向进化。虽然国民意识的发展作为一种文化变革要经历艰难与曲折的道路 ,但它是封建专制社会向近代民主社会演进的一个重要标识。     

《莫须有先生传》与《堂吉诃德》比较谈

废名的小说《莫须有先生传》以其晦涩难懂而殊少为人提及，本将它与塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》相比较，试图揭示出它的思想意蕴及艺术特质，认为它是一部深受后影响的作品，但二之间又存在极大的差异性。     

数字版权:互联网精神和版权管理制度

从人类交往本性来讲,知识和信息应该得到尽可能广泛的传播,智力成果应该得到尽可能广泛的应用。平等和无差异的交流,是互联网的精神实质。从经济学角度讲,只有对版权的充分尊重和保护,才能有效地激发个体的创造性,并最终推动社会的发展和进步。如何使两者达到平衡,就必须兼顾三种关系,即社会共享与公平正义、公力保护和私力保护、地域性与全球性。对于版权保护来讲,不管时空如何变换,科技如何创新,利益的分配永远都要在动态中保持平衡。     

Successful in Science Education and Still Popular: A pattern that is possible in China rather than in Germany or Russia

Across several countries, science is often regarded as unpopular and a male-dominated domain. Furthermore, the number of students who are interested in science education or intend to work in the field of science is relatively low. This might be due to expectations adolescents hold towards science and successful scientists. The current cross-national study investigates the expectations of students in relation to highly achieving peers in science education in the three countries China, Germany and Russia (N?=?420). Students were asked to indicate their expectations about two fictitious new classmates with respect to three categories: intelligence, social competence and eagerness. Besides national differences, differences concerning the gender of the participating students, the gender of the target students (fictitious highly achieving students in science education) and interaction effects were investigated. Whereas the effects of gender and target gender are inconsistent and negligible, there are significant national differences. Notably, Chinese students hold the most positive expectations about successful peers in science education. The results are discussed with regard to possible explanations and educational consequences.     

Transfer of Nature of Science Understandings into Similar Contexts: Promises and Possibilities of an Explicit Reflective Approach

The purpose of this study was to (a) investigate the effectiveness of explicit nature of science (NOS) instruction in the context of controversial socioscientific issues and (b) explore whether the transfer of acquired NOS understandings, which were explicitly taught in the context of one socioscientific context, into other similar contexts (familiar and unfamiliar) was possible. Participants were 10th grade students in two intact sections at one high school. The treatment involved teaching a six-week unit about genetic engineering. For one group (non-NOS group), there was no explicit instruction about NOS. For the other group (NOS group), explicit instruction about three NOS aspects (subjective, empirical, and tentative) was dispersed across the genetic engineering unit. A questionnaire including two open-ended scenarios, in conjunction with semi-structured interviews, was used to assess the change in participants’ understandings of NOS and their ability to transfer their acquired understandings into similar contexts. The first scenario involved a familiar context about genetically modified food and the second one focused on an unfamiliar context about water fluoridation. Results showed no improvement in NOS understandings of participants in the non-NOS group in relation to the familiar and unfamiliar contexts. On the other hand, there was a general improvement in the NOS understandings of participants in the NOS group in relation to both the familiar and unfamiliar contexts. Implications about the transfer of participants’ acquired NOS understandings on the basis of the distance between the context of learning and that of application are highlighted and discussed in link with the classroom learning environment.     

Turkish Pre‐Service Science Teachers’ Views on Science–Technology–Society Issues

The international science education community recognises the role of pre‐service science teachers’ views about the interdependence of Science, Technology, and Society (STS) in achieving scientific literacy for all. To this end, pre‐service science teachers’ STS views signal the strengths and the weaknesses of science education reform movements. Turkey, a country that follows the international reform movement, aims at improving citizen’s understanding of the STS interdependence to enable them to fully participate in an industrialised, democratic society. This study explores the Turkish pre‐service science teachers’ views (n = 176) on STS issues and discusses the ongoing reform efforts’ strengths and weaknesses within the context of the study findings. Data were collected through an adopted “Views on Science–Technology–Society” instrument. Analysis revealed that many participants held realistic views on science, technology, and society interdependence, while their views on technology and the nature of science were differed. Some viewed technology as an application of science, and some viewed science as explanatory and an interpretation of nature. Most agreed that the scientific knowledge is tentative but they did not present a thorough understanding of the differences between hypotheses, laws, and theories.     

“Acting as Freemen”: Rhetoric,Race, and Reform in the Debate over Colonization in Freedom's Journal, 1827–1828

This essay features a debate in Freedom's Journal, the first African-American newspaper, in 1827 and 1828, concerning the proposals of the American Colonization Society. Arguments favoring colonization illuminate the ways in which whiteness informs and constrains the discourse of white self-professed reformers about race, nation, and public rhetoric. As constitutive rhetoric, the anti-colonization arguments of contributors to Freedom's Journal construct African Americans as agents, citizens, and empowered public rhetors. The exchange reveals key, often hidden aspects of the discourses of whites and of people of color about race and reform in the antebellum period and in the contemporary public sphere.     

Opportunities and challenges facing NGOs using sport as a vehicle for development in post-apartheid South Africa

Post-apartheid South Africa manifests poor social indicators with over half the population living below the poverty line and the worst levels of inequality in the world, with much work needed to overcome the skewed legacy of apartheid. Sport suffered in this system resulting in unequal access to sporting facilities and opportunities, meaning many South Africans cannot exercise their right to play. Despite this legacy, sport can fulfil a vital developmental role in alleviating some of these issues. The state has a major role to play but it must be supported by civil society and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) who have the ability to deliver in situations where government has struggled. This article researches the opportunities and challenges NGOs encounter when using sport for development within the education system, in post-apartheid South Africa. This study used a qualitative approach to collect data on the opportunities and challenges encountered by two NGOs based in Cape Town that use sport as a means of development, but in markedly different ways. The study suggests that NGOs face a variety of conceptual, technical, logistical and organisational challenges using sport in schools and should enact certain measures to reduce resistance from educators and ensure successful programmes. The interaction between NGOs, schools and the state Department of Education is a complicated process that presents obstacles and opportunities. Nevertheless, despite these challenges it is clear NGOs can support schools in South Africa to optimise their physical activity programmes in the backdrop of a stagnating education system and a lack of sporting support from the government. NGOs in an educational setting such as schools operate in what Houlihan has identified as a crowded policy space. Yet, the observations in this study suggest that, particularly in the context of education, a partnership policy model of NGO work is preferred.     

从《老子》一书看老子理想中的“桃花源”

老子作为先秦百家的佼佼者,他所提出的以＂清静无为＂为主旨的道家思想,几千年来对中国古代社会产生了深远的影响。虽然老子一直强调寡欲、朴素等清淡的概念,但他的救世之心是非常急切的。这一点从《老子》一书中展现的理想的桃花源中就可以看出。老子的理想社会包括理想社会的形态、达到理想社会的措施、理论基础等三个方面。     

消费社会视域下体育消费文化生产模型的构建与分析

处于消费社会之中,受到消费社会逻辑的影响,众多体育消费文化产品都统一筹划地创造着一种新的生产模式,从而不断地生产出各式各样的时尚与品味。通过运用文献资料研究、归纳与演绎、结构方程模型等方法对这一生产模式进行了系统的逻辑分析。研究发现:1)整个体育消费文化生产过程是由运动的身体、运动的空间、运动的时间以及运动的符号共4个要素构成;2)在这些要素的作用下,体育消费文化生产得以继续,推动着整个社会结构的变革,从而使得体育消费文化正逐步成为区分和建构社会阶层地位的符号与象征;3)建构的模型显示,这一生产过程可以建构与解释社会阶层地位的20%,第1建构因素运动符号对阶层地位总效应达到了0.41;第2建构因素是基于年龄的运动身体对阶层地位的总效应为0.26;第3建构因素是运动空间对阶层地位的总效应为0.08;第4建构因素是基于性别的运动身体对于阶层地位的总效应为0.06;第5建构因素运动时间则是通过运动空间这一中介变量对于阶层地位的间接效应为-0.07。