Exploring the relationship between institutional and professional autonomy: a comparative study between Portugal and Finland

By comparing two distinct settings–Portugal and Finland–and based on previous studies revealing similar trends in both countries, this article analyses the relationship between institutional and academic autonomy in the higher education sector. Based on crosschecking of the literature review and 47 interviews with key actors in both the Portuguese and Finnish higher education systems, the authors analyse the extent to which the political attempts to increase institutional autonomy are perceived by academics in these countries as leading to an increase in their professional autonomy. Data reveals that there is a lack of complete correspondence between the way different institutional dimensions have been changing at the organisational level and the way academics perceive the effects at the professional level. While there is a correspondence in the perceptions over organisational and interventional autonomy, no correspondence is found concerning policy autonomy in both countries. Furthermore, there are no homogeneous perceptions within academics group in each country concerning professional autonomy.     

Educational expenditures and student engagement: When does money matter?

The few studies focusing on the relationships between higher education expenditures and student outcomes have produced contradictory results. This study hypothesized that the lack of consistent relationships is a function of the fact that the effects of expenditures on outcomes are mediated by student engagement. Furthermore, it is expected that the relationships between expenditures and outcomes are contingent on the characteristics of the students and institutions being studied. The present research examined the relationships between higher education expenditures and students’ engagement in educationally purposeful activities, after controlling for a variety of student and institutional characteristics. Using data from a nationally representative sample of colleges and universities, the findings indicated that the relationships between expenditures and student engagement are very complex. Relationships differed by institutional control, students’ year in school, and the type of engagement measure included in the analysis.     

A lexicon of inter-institutional cooperation

Recent studies have indicatedthat, while there is a great deal of interestamong both governments and institutions ininter-institutional cooperation, theterminology of cooperation is confused andimprecise. Mergers are sometimes characterizedas being an extension of inter-institutionalcooperation, sometimes they are regarded asseparate, unique, and situated on a plane orcontinuum different from that of suchstructures as federations and consortia. Yet,in generic terms, mergers share a number ofcharacteristics with other forms ofcooperation, and are often pursued for the samereasons. This study investigates the originsand motivations of inter-institutionalcooperation in order to show that the variousforms of cooperation, including merger, arepart of a single evolutionary continuum. Next,it develops a lexicon or taxonomy ofinter-institutional cooperation. Finally, itdiscusses the directions thatinter-institutional cooperation might take inthe future along that continuum.     

Interactions and mergers of galaxies

When two galaxies approach each other, we can witness the effects of the tidal forces on a gigantic scale. Peculiar features like galactic bridges and galactic tails may form, or the two galaxies may even merge into each other and form a single system. Merger of two spiral galaxies leads to the formation of an elliptical galaxy. The interaction of gas during such galaxy encounters triggers star formation and activity of the nucleus. It is generally being accepted that galaxy interactions and mergers play a vital role in galactic evolution. S M Alladin is a retired Professor of Astronomy, Osmania University, Hyderabad. He specialized in dynamical astronomy and did research on dynamics of colliding and merging galaxies. He is also interested in interaction between religion and science. S N Hasan is an Assistant Professor of Astronomy, Osmania University, Hyderabad. His field of specialization is celestial mechanics. His research interests include the three body problem, stellar and galactic dynamics.     

基于制度基础观的中国民营企业多元化并购动因分析

基于制度基础观的视角,提出以国家政策法规、地方政府行为和制度认知层面三要素的动因模型,来解释民营企业的这种战略选择。     

植物新品种保护制度：历史演变与经验启示

摘 要：植物新品种保护制度是农业知识产权中最重要的一项制度之一,研究影响植物新品种保护制度变迁的供求因素具有重大意义。本文在梳理植物新品种保护制度的历史演变与发展现状基础上,总结国际植物新品种保护联盟（UPOV）不同时期植物新品种保护制度的发展特征,进一步从制度变迁视角分析美国、日本、欧洲植物新品种保护制度的发展经验。研究发现,农业生产要素和植物新品种相对价格的变动引致植物新品种保护制度的产生;育种技术进步和新品种市场规模的扩大推动政府对新品种保护制度不断改革完善;美国和日本、欧洲的法律渊源不同,但各国法律和新品种规范性行为准则的改变促使政府对新品种保护制度不断调整;政府对新品种保护制度的设计成本和制度安排实施的预期成本越低,越有利于新品种保护制度的推行。基于此,本文提出中国植物新品种保护制度建设应适应农业发展、主动保证科技型种业企业规模发展的需要,提高法律位阶、有效完善品种鉴定与检测认证的法规体系,落实司法保护、加大种业知识产权法定范围内惩罚性赔偿等政策启示。     

差序格局学术社会中同行评议制度实施之困

在破“五唯”政策背景下,完善同行评议制度对我国教育文化事业高质量内涵式发展具有重要意义。同行评议制度作为一种“舶来品”,在成为我国学术评价制度的重要组成部分之后,其实施原则由西方的“知识本位”转化为我国的“社会本位”。然而,我国学术社会在发展过程中形成了差序格局,具有自我主义和等级差序的特征,表征为师门流派和学术差等现象。在差序格局学术社会中,自我主义导致评议专家产生评议偏好,等级差序阻碍学术新人显露头角,人治社会削弱了评议的规范性,不利于同行评议制度的有效实施,影响着我国教育文化事业的高质量内涵式发展。     

大学学术仓储建设及其版权问题研究

分析大学建设学术仓储的意义和优势,并剖析大学学术仓储的版权主体、版权客体和版权风险,指出目前大学学术仓储建设面临的瓶颈问题是版权问题,最后探讨了如何管理大学学术仓储的版权.参考文献9.     

日本大学图书馆期刊价格上涨对策研究

通过分析日本大学图书馆面对期刊价格上涨所采取的一系列措施,希望对中国的图书馆应对期刊价格上涨问题起到参考作用。     

机构仓储的前景预测

简要介绍机构仓储的概念及相关软件的应用比例。在分析机构仓储的研究现状及应用的基础上,采用图论、完全信息博弈原理和KMRW定理等运筹学理论的综合分析方法,对研究人员运用机构仓储获取知识的总体效益成本、信息化条件下科研机构之间通过机构仓储相互学习的均衡区间和机构仓储为其科研机构带来声望等方面进行综合分析,指出机构仓储具有良好的发展前景,并论证创建机构仓储的重要意义。