Aerobic Capacity in Black Adolescent Girls

Abstract

Our purpose was to determine the aerobic capacities (VO₂max) of a group of black female adolescents (age = 11.4 ? 15.8 years) randomly chosen from a single urban school. Of 91 girls selected, 64 performed an incremental treadmill running test to volitional exhaustion and achieved VO₂max as determined from expired gas measures. Other measures included height (m), weight (kg), and calf and triceps skinfolds (for % fat estimates). Girls were also asked whether they had achieved menarche. VO₂max averaged 37.3 ± 6.2 ml·kg^?1 ·min^?1 and was significantly correlated (r[62]) with height (?.32, p < .01), body mass index (?.63, p < .001), and % fat (?.65, p < .001) but not with age (?.16, p > .10). Postmenarchal girls were significantly taller and older than premenarchal girls. Contrary to previous studies, the girls' VO₂max values were not related to biological age. Our subjects' aerobic capacity values averaged 14% less than those of nonblack U.S. female adolescents previously reported in the literature. This difference in VO₂max was primarily a function of body weight. Study implications support the possibility that overweight in adult black women may originate prior to or during early adolescence. Future longitudinal studies should be designed to investigate the effects of aerobic fitness on cardiovascular risk factor reduction in black adolescent girls.     

The Relationship Between Motor Skill Proficiency and Body Mass Index in Preschool Children

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motor proficiency and body mass index (BMI) in preschool children. Thirty-eight children ages 4–6 years had their BMI calculated and were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2; Henderson, Sugden, & Barnett, 2007). These data were analyzed in two ways. The correlation between BMI and MABC-2 percentile ranks was calculated. Next, the groups were subdivided based on BMI status (high, M = 85.5; medium, M = 49.8; low, M = 10.8), and compared using t tests to determine if differences existed in MABC-2 percentile ranks. No significant relationship existed between MABC-2 and BMI percentile ranks (r = -.237). However, significant differences in MABC-2 percentile ranks existed between high and low (p = .042), and high and medium (p = .043) groups. These results suggest that preschool children classified as overweight or obese may have lower motor proficiency than their normal weight and under weight peers. This study indicates there is a direct relationship between motor proficiency and BMI in the preschool population.     

对8-9岁儿童游泳技术训练方法的探讨

通过对8-9岁儿童的生理和心理特点进行分析和研究,总结出一套符合这个年龄段特点的游泳训练教学方法,经过对游泳学员教学实践的对比分析,证明本方法对这个年龄段的游泳技术训练是行之有效的。     

影响儿童青少年最大有氧活动能力的因素(综述)

儿童青少年在青春发育期前后,机体各组织器官的功能都在迅速的提高.儿童青少年VO2max的研究和测定,可以综合反映儿童青少年体格状况、有氧运动机能,是判断儿童青少年发育水平及不同环境因素对儿童青少年体质影响的比较理想的动态机能指标.通过综述了前人对儿童青少年最大有氧活动能力的研究,特别是影响其有氧能力的遗传因素、个体状况、环境因素和训练因素在儿童青少年生长发育期的作用和特点,使大家正确认识儿童青少年这一能力的发展,关心儿童青少年的健康成长.     

卢梭儿童教育思想研究

卢梭在其重要著作《爱弥儿》中提出了儿童教育思想:把儿童看做儿童、培养儿童求知的兴趣、尊重儿童的天性、了解儿童是教育的前提、教育儿童需要爱的感化。卢梭的儿童教育思想不仅在历史上具有承前启后的作用,对当今的教育现实也有重要意义。     

河北省特教学校职业教育发展的调查研究

开展职业教育是特殊教育学校教育、教学的重要组成部分,它的发展对于残疾儿童将来的社会就业、参与社会生活有着重要的意义。河北省特教学校职业教育的发展无论在规模上,还是在师资和专业设置上还存在着很多问题。本文通过调查,试图搞清楚制约其发展的因素,并分析其原因,在此基础上提出具体的、具有可操作性的建议,使河北省特教学校的职业教育尽快摆脱困境,得到进一步的发展。     

谈小学儿童生活自理能力的培养

生活自理能力是指规划、料理、控制自己的日常生活并处理好人际关系的能力。这种能力是社会适应能力的重要组成部分 ,也是未来社会对人的基本要求。在我国 ,儿童的生活自理能力普遍低下 ,其主要原因是家长的过度爱护和学校、教师在教育儿童当中存在误区。而缺乏基本的生活自理能力不仅不利于儿童学习效率的提高 ,还影响了儿童的心理健康。     

Usability design strategies for children： Developing children＇s learning and knowledge in decreasing their dental anxiety

This paper presents an example of how usability design strategies for children can be designed into educational material using CD-ROM based multimedia application for assisting parents and teachers to develop children＇s learning and knowledge in decreasing as well as motivate children aged 7-9 years old to reduce their anxious feelings towards dental treatment. In this paper, the authors provide usability design strategies for children in designing the information interfaces and presentation of a PMLE （persuasive multimedia learning environment）. PMLE is designed based on the six design categories of guidelines for children which have been applied to this study： general interaction, text, multimedia, navigation and search, graphical user interface and content. The results authors were able to on presenting this PMLE to 240 primary school children selected at random show how the decrease children＇s dental anxiety and motivate the children to get ready for dental visit.     

儿童写作教学需凸显“课程意识”

＂课程意识＂在儿童写作教学中占据重要地位,凸显＂课程意识＂可以改变小学写作课堂教学随意、低效,甚至＂不作为＂的现状。＂课程意识＂观照下的儿童写作教学应促使学习目标更趋循序性,教学内容更趋丰富性,写作策略知识的渗透更趋显性化,写作评价更具针对性。凸显＂课程意识＂,将促使儿童写作教学走向有序、有效、有用。     

学前期儿童攻击和暴力行为研究综述

攻击行为是对另外一个人有目的的侮辱或伤害。它是儿童心理发展中一个常见的现象。攻击行为对儿童社交、心理、行为及学业发展有显著的负面影响。本文从攻击的概念界定入手,列举了五种攻击的理论,进而提出减少学前期儿童攻击行为的方法。