运用学习结果分类理论改善课堂教学设计

传统的课堂教学设计在学习者分析、学习目标、策略设计和教学评价等几方面存在着不足．难以体现“以学生为本”的现代课堂教学设计的基本理念。运用R·M·加涅的学习结果分类理论可以改善现有的课堂教学设计,可以使错综复杂的课堂教学有一定的规律可循。     

Test-Based Learning: Inconsistent Effects Between Higher- and Lower-Level Test Questions

Providing test questions after an initial study phase is a common instructional technique. In theory, questions that require higher-level (deep) processing should be more beneficial than those that require lower-level (shallow) processing. However, empirical evidence on the matter is inconsistent. To shed light on two potential reasons for these inconsistencies, we conducted an experiment (N = 81) to analyze the role of (a) the share of information to which test questions direct learners and (b) the learning activities performed in the initial study phase with respect to the effects between higher- and lower-level test questions. We found that both the share of focused information and the initial learning activities moderated the effects between higher- and lower-level test questions.     

核素分布的8×8核素区域

在氘氚结团图中说明了4个8×8核素的分布区,每区包含64核素坐标,其中包括1,2个放射核素.4个区域的中心为（352,4）（35,26）（33,23）（31,16）.区域中的5个放射核素联系有146 62 40Sm84 72与132 58 30Ce76 28处于对称位置,放射核素中的146 62 40Sm84 22与212 84 40Po128 44的坐标S值相同,坐标H倍增联系.     

史诗性与儿童性的结合——张品成小说论

在革命历史题材儿童文学创作中,海南作家张品成体现出独特的意义。他通过革命叙述的微言大义、历史的考证与补阙等手法体现了史诗的另一种写法。他一方面打造了多彩的少年儿童形象长廊,同时也尽量增添作品的浪漫化表达,从而较好地体现出创作的儿童性。在人物三角关系设置以及叙事节奏等方面,作者也体现出鲜明的创新性。     

Effects of different sequences of examples and problems on motivation and learning

Recent research has shown that example study only (EE) and example-problem pairs (EP) were more effective (i.e., higher test performance) and efficient (i.e., attained with less effort invested in learning and/or test tasks) than problem-example pairs (PE) and problem solving only (PP). We conducted two experiments to investigate how different example and problem-solving sequences would affect motivational (i.e., self-efficacy, perceived competence, and topic interest) and cognitive (i.e., effectiveness and efficiency) aspects of learning. In Experiment 1, 124 technical students learned a mathematical task with the help of EEEE, EPEP, PEPE, or PPPP and then completed a posttest. Students in the EEEE Condition showed higher posttest performance, self-efficacy, and perceived competence, attained with less effort investment, than students in the EPEP and PPPP Condition. Surprisingly, there were no differences between the EPEP and PEPE Condition on any of the outcome measures. We hypothesized that, because the tasks were relevant for technical students, starting with a problem might not have negatively affected their motivation. Therefore, we replicated the experiment with a different sample of 81 teacher training students. Experiment 2 showed an efficiency benefit of EEEE over EPEP, PEPE, and PPPP. However, only EEEE resulted in greater posttest performance, self-efficacy, and perceived competence than PPPP. We again did not find any differences between the EPEP and PEPE Condition. These results suggest that, at least when short training phases are used, studying examples (only) is more preferable than problem solving only for learning. Moreover, this study showed that example study (only) also enhances motivational aspects of learning whereas problem solving only does not positively affect students’ motivation at all.     

在联合中走向变革:学习科学与教育技术创新发展的新景观

通过对AECT2010国际年会主旨学术报告主题的解读,揭示了学习科学研究新的战略支点——赛博学习,阐述了赛博学习新的技术基础——赛博基础设施和思想方法——控制论与复杂性科学,总结了当代学习研究之新力量学习科学崛起的五大成功之道。在对学习科学与教育技术携手共进之艰难旅程进行回顾的基础上,展望了二者以赛博基础设施新平台为基础,以赛博学习为战略支点在联合中走向变革的光明前景。     

教育研究中的系统科学进展与应用

系统科学作为教育研究的重要方法论,也是教学系统设计的理论基础之一.它虽然已经历了一般系统论、自组织理论、复杂性理论三个发展阶段,但就目前教育理论研究情况来看,系统科学思想方法的教育应用仍多停留在一般系统论的初级阶段,对系统科学的新近研究成果显得不够重视,尤其是有着丰富内涵与教育应用巨大潜力的自组织理论代表--耗散结构理论.随着后现代主义教育研究的深入,耗散结构理论已越来越多地受到课程研究领域专家的重视,相关研究成果初步显现.另外,数字化学习理论Connectivism新近获得了较大发展,它的主要观点正是耗散结构理论主要思想方法的重要体现.由此,我们相信在系统梳理系统科学自身发展状况的基础上,研究系统科学代表性观点的教育应用已显得十分必要.另外,积极吸纳耗散结构理论的思想观点去分析教学系统,有助于从教育研究方法论的角度审视教育的弊病,查找深层次原因,摸索规律,促进信息时代教育的新发展.     

三角不等式原理对聚类算法的改进

聚类分析是数据挖掘中的一个重要研究领域,面对大规模的、高维的数据,如何建立有效的聚类算法是目前一个研究热点。现已有多种直接和快速的聚类算法,但是当处理海量数据时,时间效率仍然有待提高。本文应用三角不等式原理,分别对TTSAS算法和k-means算法提出改进,避免其中冗余的距离计算,提高原算法效率。     

Play to win! Using games in library instruction to enhance student learning

Research has shown that educational games can have positive impacts on student learning and motivation. The success of a game played in a library instruction class depends on the type of game selected, the development of learning outcomes, and the flexibility of the librarian during class. This article explains the benefits to students and librarians of using games, discusses the development and use of a Jeopardy-style game, and provides practical tips for librarians interested in developing and incorporating games into one-time library instruction sessions.     

Reflective peer coaching: Crafting collaborative self-assessment in teaching

Reflective peer coaching is a formative model for improving teaching and learning by examining intentions prior to teaching, then reflecting upon the experience. The goal of reflective peer coaching is to promote self-assessment and collaboration for better teaching and ultimately better learning. There are obvious benefits to colleagues collaborating and sharing ideas, thoughts, and observations. However, many models of assessing teaching effectiveness focus on summative evaluation in which colleagues observe each other once or twice a year and fill out institutional evaluation forms. Rarely do colleagues engage in formative conversations about teaching that are guided by the instructor's personal goals and objectives. Reflective peer coaching necessitates a ten-minute planning conversation prior to the actual lesson and a ten-minute reflective conversation after the lesson. These conversations happen regularly and frequently to build self-awareness and self-assessment of the personal craft of teaching. The following article outlines the dynamics of the reflective peer coaching process as a formative assessment model that leads to better learning through improved teaching.