Guiding music students during workshop-based on-the-job learning

This article explains the realisation and impact of tutoring on learning through a new kind of on-the-job learning method in workshops led by professional musicians. The research is a qualitative case study involving 62 upper secondary Finnish vocational music students who participated in 11 workshops. The research data consist of (a) workshop plans and personal learning goals written by the students before the workshops and (b) reflective essays about experiences after the workshops. The data were analysed using theory-oriented content analyses. In the workshop, the guidance-oriented interaction promoting learning starts at the beginning of the workshop with cooperative planning. The interaction between the students and the professional musician influenced the nature of the guidance – the professional musician was more like a colleague rather than a teacher. The students expressed that they had been able to influence the workshop goals in different phases and, thus, their professional competence had increased significantly. In vocational institutes, it is important to observe different ways of realising on-the-job learning and to develop new models of action, like the workshop method, to promote the development of students’ skills and competence.     

激光三角法测量的误差研究

激光三角法测量是三维曲面非接触测量的主要方法之一，但测量精度受到本身结构和被测物体特性及环境因素等多方面的影响。本文简要介绍了激光三角法测量的原理，通过对一种型号的激光位移传感器的实验，对激光三角法测距由于被测物体表面特性不同和变化所引起的误盖进行了全面地分析和研究，井针对不同误差原因提出了改进的方法。     

Effects of coaching on teacher use of sociocultural instructional practices

This study evaluates a performance-based instructional coaching model intended to improve teacher pedagogy and classroom organization for educating diverse student populations. Elementary teachers (N = 21) participated in a 30-h workshop and seven individual coaching sessions across an academic year. The coaching model promoted use of the Standards for Effective Pedagogy, five research-based practices known to increase student achievement. Findings demonstrate performance-based instructional coaching led to statistically significant (a) improvements in teacher pedagogy, (b) patterns of teacher growth, and (c) changes in classroom organization. Implications for improving teachers’ ultimate achievement, the coaching protocol, and research are addressed.     

一般位置直线段实长及倾角讲解方法的探讨

从观察日常生活中诸多部件或零件开始,引出一般位置直线实长及其对投影面倾角求解的必要性,给出由投影求出一般位置直线的实长及其对投影面倾角及直线与投影轴夹角的方法,总结实长、倾角和夹角的求解规律。而后通过几个典型习题的作图过程分析,加深学生对定理的理解。几轮讲述表明：采用该种形式学生不仅能够快速掌握直角三角形法,而且也能激发学生学习工程制图的兴趣。     

社会词典学三角的建构与辨析

在传统词典研究范式的基础上,提出并论证了“社会词典学三角”.社会词典学三角包括编纂者、使用者、词典和社会四大要素,以及四个三角形、三个定点辐射图和三个投射坐标轴.该三角较好地架设和解释了社会词典学相关要素间的学理关系,是社会词典学学理建构的一种尝试,同时又为我们观察和阐释不同的词典现象以及词典实践提供了相应的分析模型、研究视角和工作路径.     

如何有效设计高质量的MOOCs--基于认知目标分类和交互分析框架的思考

MOOCs的发展经历了从2012年的狂热支持,到2013年的反对声日益高涨的急速转变之后,如何有效设计高质量的MOOCs成为研究者和实践者日益关注的重要问题。教学目标与教学交互是网络课程设计的两大关键。基于布鲁姆认知目标分类以及穆尔的教学交互分析框架对现有三种MOOCs实践形式进行分析发现：以内容传递为主的MOOCs（xMOOCs）把认知行为主义作为理论基础,强调知识的传递,注重学生与内容的交互,处于认知目标分类底层;以任务完成为主的MOOCs（sMOOCs）混合了认知主义和建构主义学习理论,强调做中学,重视学生之间以及师生之间的交互,处于认知目标分类的中间层;以网络建立为主的MOOCs（cMOOCs）基于联通主义学习理论,强调学生和内容的交互是学习发生的基础,学生和学生的交互是学习发生的关键,学生与教师的交互是学习发生的保障,处于认知目标分类的最上层。三类MOOCs各有其优势和不足,在MOOCs设计和开发的过程中需要打破这些MOOCs分类之间的界限,根据教学目标,选择最佳的教学内容、教学方法,保持目标、内容、方法的一致和最佳匹配。我国在设计和开发MOOCs的过程中,还需要思考如何利用精品课程建设的已有成果,如何开放学习过程,并且在此过程中形成自身特色,吸引学习者的可持续、大规模参与。     

xMOOCs中的教学视频设计要点：基于案例的视频分析研究

大规模开放网络课程（MOOCs）的发展得到了国际社会的广泛关注。在主流的两类MOOCs（cMOOCs与xMOOCs）中,xMOOCs是目前发展速度最快,受众面最广的一类。而教学视频是xMOOCs最核心的课程资源。 xMOOCs中的教学视频设计应该把握哪些要点？为解决这一问题,特意分析了国内外四个主流课程平台的20门xMOOCs课程中的视频,参考《网络课程评价规范》形成视频分析框架,结合网络课程设计理论从界面设计、课程内容、教学设计三个方面对xMOOCs视频进行分析。根据视频分析结果,总结了xMOOCs教学视频在易识别性、课程说明、内容分块、学习目标、教学策略、学习者控制、内容交互性、信息呈现、练习与反馈九个方面的设计要点,并辅之以案例说明。希望对未来xMOOCs教学视频的设计有一定的参考与借鉴作用。     

Norming of Student Evaluations of Instruction: Impact of Noninstructional Factors

Student Evaluations of Instruction (SEIs) from about 6,000 sections over 4 years representing over 100,000 students at the college of business at a large public university are analyzed, to study the impact of noninstructional factors on student ratings. Administrative factors like semester, time of day, location, and instructor attributes like gender and rank are studied. The combined impact of all the noninstructional factors studied is statistically significant. Our study has practical implications for administrators who use SEIs to evaluate faculty performance. SEI scores reflect some inherent biases due to noninstructional factors. Appropriate norming procedures can compensate for such biases, ensuring fair evaluations.     

A Grounded Practical Theory Reconstruction of the Communication Practice of Instructor-facilitated Collegiate Classroom Discussion

Instructor-facilitated collegiate classroom discussion (IFCCD) is a highly valued yet undertheorized instructional practice. Research examining the structure of classroom interaction, scholarship advocating rationales for discussion-based pedagogy, and an investigation of a related interactive classroom communication practice provide an informative backdrop for this study. The data in the study were collected using action-implicative discourse analytic techniques throughout a semester in three classrooms at the same university. Reconstructing the three levels of the practice through grounded practical theory—the problem/dilemma level, the normative situated ideals level, and the talk/discourse techniques level—provides some insight into why in two of these cases of IFCCD, engaged and participatory discussion was accomplished. The shared dilemma of the practice is reconstructed as the problem of engagement in which both individual engagement with curricular content and shared engagement in co-creation of the discussion are valued. The dilemmatic nature of the practice is explored specifically in terms of traditional and nontraditional teacher talk and associated participation structures. Significant similarities and differences across the three cases are found and examined in the reconstructions of instructor situated ideals and third-turn facilitation techniques. Initial conclusions are incorporated in the discussion of discourse-based applications for practitioners interested in facilitating discussion in college classrooms.     

Teaching for understanding and/or self-regulated learning? A video-based analysis of reform-oriented mathematics instruction in Switzerland

In mathematics instruction, can a teacher implement surface features of instruction that foster self-regulated learning as well as achieve quality at the deeper level of instruction, that is, focus on higher-order thinking, problem-solving, and mathematical modeling? An educational reform effort in Switzerland, which is based on constructivist and sociocultural theories of mathematics learning, targets both these dimensions: self-regulated learning and conceptual understanding. We examined the realization of the two dimensions in classroom instruction in a video-based study of 79 eighth-grade math classes using three kinds of data: videotapes of mathematics lessons, student and teacher questionnaires, and achievement tests. As to the surface level of instruction, teachers reported how frequently they provided opportunities for self-regulated learning. With regard to the deeper level of instruction, teachers reported how frequently they provided opportunities for independent problem solving. In addition, we examined the extent to which teachers’ pedagogical beliefs reflected a constructivist orientation. The results showed that teachers implemented the two dimensions relatively independently of one another. Teachers’ constructivist-oriented beliefs influenced only opportunities provided for independent problem solving and did not affect opportunities for self-regulated learning. Opportunities for self-regulated learning had a positive effect on students’ learning experience. Professional development should encourage teachers to take greater account of both surface-level and deeper-level (quality) features of instruction.