面向时代需求 实现范式转变——赖格卢特论信息时代视角下的教学理论演进

教学是帮助学习者构建内化的知识的各种行为。信息时代所出现的变革呼唤着教学新范式。教学新范式既保留了已经被实践证明行之有效的基本教学方法(讲解、示证和练习),同时也鼓励采用变通教学方法(问题教学、项目学习、模拟学习、辅导学习和认知学徒等)。信息时代的教学理论遵循着四项基本原理,这就是个性化与多样性,主动性与自导性,协作性与情感性、整体性与一体化,而技术在记录学习进步、规划学习蓝图、提供学习指导和评估学习效果等方面也起到了不可或缺的保障作用。     

教育传播与技术视角下的教学策略研究——《教育传播与技术研究手册》(第三版)第二部分述评

本文概要介绍了J．Michael Spector,M．David Merrill,Jeroen van Merrienboer＆Marcy P.Driscoll主编的Handbook of Research on Educational Communication and Technology（Third edition）[《教育传播与技术研究手册（第三版）》,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2008年出版1第二部分“策略篇”的主要内容。全文分为三个部分：教育传播与技术视角下学的理论、教育传播与技术视角下教的模型,以及教育传播与技术视角下教学设计原则。在学的理论部分,重点回顾了与技术支持有关的学习心理学观点和生成性学习理论;在教的模型部分,概述了九类当前流行的对教学改革产生重大影响的真实性教学模式,并介绍了技术支持探究教学的四类着眼点;在教学设计原则部分,则介绍了首要教学设计原则和有关知识呈现、教学反馈的处方性原则。     

Who is the expert? Construct and criteria validity of student and teacher ratings of instruction

In this article, we examine the construct and criteria validity of student and teacher ratings as indicators of instructional features. As parsimonious measures, student and teacher reports are frequently used to assess aspects of the learning environment. From a methodological perspective, however, both approaches have been questioned. Whereas student ratings are occasionally criticised as being undifferentiated and easily influenced by personal preferences, teacher reports are sometimes considered to be biased by self-serving strategies or teaching ideals. Instead of pitting one method against the other, our study aimed at establishing the specific value of each approach. The analyses draw on data from a German extension to the 2003 PISA assessment, in which 288 mathematics teachers and their students completed questionnaires using identical items to tap various aspects of instruction. Mean student ratings were computed for each class. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed specific conceptual structures for student and teacher ratings, with teachers elaborating on the use of tasks and methods, and students focusing on their teacher’s support in personal and learning matters. Three shared dimensions were also established: occurrence of classroom management problems, degree of cognitive autonomy during lessons, and tempo of interaction. Teacher/student agreement on these dimensions varied across constructs, with considerable agreement on classroom management, low agreement on cognitive autonomy, and no significant agreement on whether or not the interaction tempo was appropriate. Accordingly, correlations with external criteria (student motivation, teacher motivation, mathematical achievement scores, and characteristics of the tasks set in class) also varied across constructs. We conclude that student and teacher ratings are best suited to tapping different aspects of the learning environment, and recommend that care be taken in choosing a data source appropriate for the construct to be measured.

Cognitive Aging and Computer-Based Instructional Design: Where Do We Go From Here?

In this article, themost relevant literature on cognitive aging and instructional design is merged to formulate recommendations for designing computer-based training material aimed at elderly learners. The core message is that researchers and instructional designers do not need to develop special computerized instruction for older adults. Rather, existing principles of general instructional and multimedia design can be evaluated and used to accommodate the needs of elderly learners. Particular attention is given to John Sweller’s Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) and Richard Mayer’s Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML). It is argued that these instructional theories bear important benefits for older learners because they support an efficient use of available cognitive resources. New research directions are suggested to test the implications of these theories for learning in old age.

“教育科学研究方法＂课教学改革的探索

“教育科学研究方法”是一门理论性与实践性都很强的课程,我们对该课程的教学内容、目标进行了重新定位,并通过改革传统的教学、考核方式,充分发挥学生学习自主性,促使学生在学习过程中有效掌握教育科学研究方法的知识与技能,并在实践中有意识地应用所学知识解决教育教学中的问题。     

论日语写作中词汇层面的母语负迁移现象及教学策略

由于中日两国语言、文化以及思维模式的差异,母语迁移现象一直以来都是我国日语专业学生日语写作中普遍存在的问题,更是大学日语写作教学中的难题。从词汇层面分析了大学日语写作中母语负迁移造成的各种影响,尝试着提出了解决母语负迁移的策略,以期帮助学生提高对错误的监控能力,避免汉语负迁移的影响,提高学生写作水平和写作能力。     

活动理论视域下远程学习目标结构之建构冰

当前远程学习的课程设计普遍存在目标设计缺失的现象,这可能源于人们对远程学习目标“是何”及“如何”运作的认识不够,从而导致学习者面临学习失败的风险。探讨远程学习目标“是何”是研究“如何”的先决条件。远程学习目标结构研究,旨在探讨远程学习目标的类别及其关系。活动理论是一种重在把活动系统作为分析单位的分析模式,迄今为止经历了“中介说”、“层次说”、“要素说”三代发展历程,为人们重新认识远程学习的目标结构提供了新的视角。它提示人们可以从活动层中的“过程”与“结果”维度去认识远程学习的目标结构,并从行动层中提取描述远程学习过程目标的5个要素：主体、客体、工具、行为、时间,建构出远程学习“过程一结果”目标结构的分析框架。远程学习目标结构可以帮助学习者在学习之初对远程学习结果及实现结果的过程做出规划,为之后的目标实施及评价提供保障,规避学习失败的风险。     

Is academic tracking related to gains in learning competence? Using propensity score matching and differential item change functioning analysis for better understanding of tracking implications

This study analyzes gains in cognitive components of learning competence with respect to cohorts based on ability tracking in a Czech longitudinal study. Propensity score matching is used to form parallelized samples of academic and non-academic track students and to eliminate the effect of selective school intake. We applied regression models on the total scores to test for the overall track effect. Furthermore, we analyze scores and gains on the subscores and check for differential item functioning in Grade 6 and in change to Grade 9. While after 3 years, no significant difference between the two tracks was apparent in the total learning competence score, we did, however, find significant differences in some subscores and in the functioning of some items. We argue that item-level analysis is important for deeper understanding of the tracking implications and may provide the basis for more precise evidence-based decisions regarding the tracking policy.     

Instructional design for single information literacy sessions

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to describe how the Understanding by Design instructional design framework can be applied to design high-quality single-session information literacy instruction. The author describes the Understanding by Design process in detail, noting modifications for single instructional session design with examples from the application of this instructional design process to design co-curricular instruction sessions for undergraduates.     

视图交汇法绘制正等轴测图的研究

本文通过对正等轴测投影的空间分析，建立了物体的正投影图与轴测图之间的对应关系，从而得出了一种绘制轴测图的新方法。