浅析新疆少数民族民间信仰中的性别意识

新疆少数民族民间信仰是中华民族文化中独具特色的组成部分。蕴涵在民间信仰中的性别意识,不仅折射出新疆少数民族的性别观,也影响其民族心理和民族习惯。通过对新疆少数民族民间信仰中性别意识的特征和表现进行分析研究,进而透视这种性别意识对新疆少数民族心智模式和行为方式所产生的影响。     

中西古代建筑文化差异之探讨

文章对中西古代文化进行比较,从宗教信仰、自然观、认识与思维、历史与保护等四个方面分别进行阐述,试图从中西文化上的差异上找出中西古代建筑形式与空间不同的根源,从而促进建筑文化的发展.     

面向课堂教学评价的形式化建模与智能计算

随着课堂教学从固化单一的教师传授,向强调小组协作参与的教学转变,如何面向以协作学习为基本特征的课堂实施形成性评价已成为教学评价改革亟需解决的问题。在智能技术支持下,形式化建模可以将复杂多变的课堂教学过程解构,形成数理模型;智能计算可以通过算法评估学生学习状态,并根据教学原则生成教学辅助信息。二者的结合可以促进人类智能与机器智能的有效融合,形成人机协同的课堂评价机制。面向课堂教学评价的形式化建模与智能计算通用架构,自下而上包含教与学行为的感知和存储、教与学行为评估模型的构建、教与学状态的智能计算和教学辅助信息的生成四个部分。前两部分着重对教育情境和问题的表征,是形式化建模的关键步骤;后两部分着重具体技术路线的实现,是智能计算的具体过程和功能体现。整个系统以教与学行为的感知和存储为基础,通过构建评估模型,确定模型的输出;然后引入智能算法对模型进行计算,达成对教与学状态的评估;最后根据相应教学原则,自动生成辅助教师进行课堂教学评价的信息。该通用架构以及人机协同教学、评价机制的进一步完善需要研究者携手教师进行"共同设计",协同教育学、计算机科学、心理学等多学科进行交叉研究。     

教育人工智能伦理问题与伦理原则探讨

文章旨在揭示智能化时代的教育将面临哪些新的伦理问题,并在人工智能伦理和教育伦理的基础上,探讨教育人工智能的伦理原则。运用文献研究和逻辑推理方法,系统梳理了教育人工智能应用的特点和优势,及其可能引发的新的伦理问题:(1)角色层面,系统创建者、教师、学生和监测员等利益相关者将面临更加复杂的伦理困境;(2)技术层面,涉及自动化决策伦理问责、算法伦理和数据伦理等方面的问题;(3)社会层面,可能转变就业市场、改变人际关系和引发新的社会不公平。因此,需要对教育人工智能伦理问题的复杂性有充分的认识,同时需要遵循一般的人工智能伦理原则和教育伦理原则,其中,最核心的内容为二者之间的交集,具体包括:(1)福祉;(2)是非善恶;(3)公平正义;(4)人权和尊严;(5)自由自治;(6)责任和问责。     

Irish student teachers’ beliefs about self,learning and teaching: a longitudinal study

This paper explores the beliefs about self-as-teacher, learning and teaching of preservice elementary teachers during a three-year undergraduate programme. Using a qualitative grounded theory analysis, the study examined the initial beliefs or personal theories of 27 preservice teachers during their first Semester. Longitudinal data were gathered from 7 of these students over the three-year duration of their teacher education programme through iterative interviews and reflective journal analysis. The findings demonstrate expansion in preservice teachers’ understandings of the teacher’s role, the value of reflective practice, the differential needs of learners and approaches to pedagogy. Findings point to lacunae in preservice teachers’ capacity for critical reflective practice and demonstrate how classroom management concerns can cause preservice teachers to adopt more cautious and traditional pedagogical approaches, despite their espoused commitment to child-centred principles.     

Developing effective teacher beliefs about learners: the role of sensitizing teachers to individual learning differences

Effective teacher beliefs about students are an integral part of effective teaching. Teachers with interventionist beliefs about students (‘I can intervene to help a learner with difficulties’) show more effective practice than teachers with pathognomonic beliefs (‘I blame the learner for his difficulties’). A professional development (PD) course sensitized teachers (N = 234) to individual learning differences (ILDs), using five learning/cognitive styles tools. Teachers’ responses to a pre‐/post‐test question concerning their beliefs about ‘weak students’ were analyzed and correlated with their ILD scores. Before the PD, teachers with strong ILD preferences matched to traditional learning contexts were significantly more ‘at risk’ (i.e., had fewer interventionist beliefs) than the other teachers; the former teachers were significantly overrepresented in the sample. After the PD, teachers’ interventionist beliefs significantly increased, regardless of their ILD preferences. Neither the length of the PD (28 hrs. vs. 56 hrs.) nor the amount of teaching experience affected the teachers’ interventionist beliefs about students. A mediated, constructivist and collaborative PD, which sensitizes teachers to individual learning differences, can increase effective teacher beliefs about students. We conclude that developing more effective teacher beliefs about learners should become a component of teacher professional development.     

Measuring need for closure in classroom learners

Need for closure, as formulated by Kruglanski and colleagues [Kruglanski, A. W. (1990). Lay epistemic theory in social-cognitive psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 1(3), 181–197; Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: Seizing and freezing. Psychological Review, 103, 263–283; Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 1049–1062], refers to the motivated tendency to seek structure, simplify complex information, and avoid ambiguity. In this article, we argue that this motive may impact classroom learning in important ways and introduce a self-report measure of need for closure situated in the classroom learning environment. Psychometric properties of the new measure are assessed in multiple samples using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations between the new measure and existing indicators of cognitive closure, as well as variables known to influence motivation and academic achievement, support our assertions regarding the association between need for closure and academic functioning while also providing evidence for the construct validity of the measure. Finally, internal consistency and test–retest reliability suggest that the new measure functions as a reliable measure of need for closure within the classroom.     

从心理逆境和网络成瘾看大学生逆商教育

大学生面临的心理逆境层出不穷,与之相应的应对方式却令人堪忧。有的采取一种极端的自伤或伤人的方式;有的终日陷入“无聊”、“郁闷”的旋涡不能自拔;随着网络的普及,也有相当一部分学生从网络中寻求压力释放的途径而形成网络成瘾。面对这样的现实,对大学生实施逆商教育是大学生心理健康教育和大学生素质培养的一个不容忽视的方面。     

基于粒子群优化算法的中小企业竞争情报搜集系统模型

以粒子群优化算法为基本理论,结合我国中小企业目前对竞争情报的迫切需求和开展竞争情报工作的困难,利用跨学科分析法和仿真实验检验法,构建一个适用于中小企业的竞争情报"粒子搜索模型".该模型充分调用各粒子"经验"寻找全局最优解,用以为我国中小企业构建低成本、高收益、易组织管理的竞争情报搜集系统模型提供参考.     

失败视角下变革型领导对员工创造力的影响

基于失败视角，本文运用社会信息加工理论，探究变革型领导对员工创造力的跨层次影响及团队失败共享信念和员工归属感在其中的作用，对60个团队中302对领导-员工配对数据进行分析，得到结论：变革型领导对员工创造力具有显著的跨层次正向影响，且对团队失败共享信念具有显著的正向影响；团队失败共享信念在变革型领导与员工创造力关系之间起到跨层次中介作用；员工归属感在团队失败共享信念与员工创造力关系之间起到正向调节作用。