E-mail in government: Not post-bureaucratic but late-bureaucratic organizations

Empirical research provides evidence that electronic communication does not change government agencies into post-bureaucratic organizations. Structuration Theory is used to explore the interaction between e-mail use, communication patterns of civil servants, and two bureaucratic characteristics: formalization and hierarchy. Previous research suggested that the use of e-mail leads to less formalization and less hierarchy, but empirical research in three bureaucratic organizations in the Netherlands leads to different conclusions. First, the use of e-mail leads to informal formalization: the style of communication is more informal but the content focuses less on personal issues and emphasizes efficient recordings of agreements. Second, the use of e-mail leads to hierarchical horizontalization: horizontal contacts take a more central position in bureaucratic organizations but these horizontal contacts are tightly linked to vertical structures. The result of the interaction between e-mail and government bureaucracy is horizontal communication directly linked to vertical structures. Electronic communication turns government agencies into late-bureaucratic organizations.     

图书馆如何构筑自己的搜索引擎

主要由计算机和网络工作者设计开发的搜索引擎，经过一段时间的运行和实践，其弊端已越来越明显。专家们呼吁用“图书馆员的思维”来管理网上信息资源，这明网络信息的组织和管理呼唤以知识组织的理论来指导，才能达到高有序化。因此，图书馆应在网络信息时代抓住机遇，构筑自己的搜索引擎。     

The Concept of Inclusive Education: Teacher Training and Acquisition of English Language in the Hearing Impaired

Three languages are widely used in schools in Kenya – English, Kiswahili and Kenya Sign Language. Many pupils with hearing impairments are taught separately from the mainstream, in specialist settings. The fact that most of the formal teaching, assessment and examination processes in Kenyan schools rely upon spoken and written English compounds the separation of these pupils from the mainstream of education and, potentially, from the mainstream of society. In this article, Gertrude Wamae, graduate assistant in the Department of English and Linguistics at Kenyatta University, and Rachael Kang'ethe-Kamau, lecturer in the Department of Special Education at Kenyatta University, discuss the relationships between language, hearing impairment and inclusion in the Kenyan context. The article suggests that the use of signed exact English would enhance opportunities for inclusion for those with hearing impairments and that programmes of teacher training need to take account of persuasive research in this area. The article closes with a plea for further research, carried out collaboratively by educationalists, linguists, teacher trainers and practitioners, to develop policies and practices suited to more inclusive futures. The article is based on a paper presented to the International Conference on Inclusive Education run by Maseno University in September 2002.     

席勒——传播政治经济学的批判领袖

传播政治经济学的批判领袖席勒 ,不仅是积极活动型的学者 ,而且是以学术成果影响传播实践的典范。其著作启发推动了国际社会对世界传播秩序的讨论和对新秩序的呼吁 ,其思想和见解影响了一些第三世界国家的传播政策和实践。他影响了世界各国传播政治经济学派的学者 ,也影响了传播政治学研究本身     

海峡两岸体育交流与合作的历史回顾与前景展望

体育作为海峡两岸的经济、文化交流的形式之一，在长期的交流合作中发挥了积极的促进作用。运用文献资料研究、情报搜集、问卷调查和专家访谈等方法，对20余年来海峡两岸体育交流的过程、现状进行回顾与分析，归纳出各个阶段的主要特征；并对其未来的走向与前景进行了客观的分析与展望。     

体育教学中人际信息沟通的特征及其有效运用

体育教学过程是一个特殊的认识过程,从人际信息沟通的规律和特点分析、论述了体育教学过程中师生人际互动的原理和体育教学中人际信息沟通的双向性、情感性、教师的主导性、学生的主体性及身心互动性等主要特征.同时提出建立良好的师生关系并创设融洽的教学气氛、注意人际信息沟通中师生间信息加工的差异,根据学生学习的主体性特点组织教学、注意学生的内向交流,培养与激发学生学习的内部动机、以及选择多种人际互动方式,疏通各种渠道,建立信息沟通网络等有效运用人际信息沟通应注意的问题.     

试论新体育课程的交往观

体育教学改革是体育课程改革的重点,而教学观念的更新是保证体育课程改革成功和教学质量提高的基本前提和关键.当前,我国开始了新一轮基础教育课程和体育课程改革,其中体现出了一些新的教学观念,主要之一是交往观.根据有关交往的理论探讨了体育教学中的交往观的含义、特点、意义,以及对体育教学改革的作用,有助于深化对体育教学过程本质属性的认识.     

互惠分组教学在女生体育教学中的运用与研究

根据《中国教育改革和发展纲要》和全面实施素质教育的要求,结合女生体育教学的特点,分析运用了互惠分组教学。在教学过程中根据学生的兴趣,成绩,交往意愿及语言组织能力进行分组。各组学习的时间又因教学内容和教学环节的不同而不等。通过实践,充分调动了学生的学习积极性和内在潜力,提高了学习成绩和社会交往能力,起到了体育教学使学生能够终身受益的目的,从而提高了教学效果。     

提高现代健美操基本技能的教学策略

从素质教育的角度出发,分析研究了健美操教学中提高基本技能的若干问题,较为科学地将健美操教学基本技能划分为三大类、十一项,并提出了掌握和提高这些技能的三种教学策略。     

田径技术教学中学生产生错误动作的原因及运动技能能力提高的干扰因素

对运动技能形成的传统观点进行了重新认识,对田径运动关于运动技能形成的三个阶段之间的关系提出了质疑.结合运动技能形成过程中的生理、心理特点,分析了导致学生学习技能过程中产生错误动作的原因.认为:学生学习技能过程中,如果静态与动态概念不清、运动负荷强度过大、心理定向错误、基本运动能力差,必然导致错误动作的出现.这四个方面也是运动技能能力提高的随时干扰因素.