How far the apple falls from the tree: Intergenerational transmission of educational attainment in Indonesia

We use five waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) to create unique father-son matched data of the male population (aged 25–53). Using this data, we investigate the evolution of intergenerational transmission of educational attainment in Indonesia over time, by ethnicities (six major ethnic groups), and by regions (twelve provinces). To estimate the persistence in education (measured as schooling years of the father as a predictor of schooling years of the son), we use coefficient of correlation and regression coefficient methods. Our results from the regression coefficient suggest that persistence in Indonesia is declined over time. Whereas, the results from the coefficient of correlation reveals no secular trend in education persistence over time. Thus, to understand the reason behind the secular trend in the correlation coefficient we decompose the correlation following Checchi and García-Peñalosa (2008). The decomposed intergenerational correlation shows that although the persistence is declined at the lower-end of fathers’ education distribution, it is increased at the top-end of the distribution. Therefore, we argue that the coefficient of correlation should be used with caution while analyzing the education policy particularly the persistence in education. Thereafter, we document the stationary distribution and find the conclusive evidence of non-convergence in educational attainment over time among both, ethnicities and regions.     

A biographical narrative inquiry into teachers’ knowledge: an intergenerational approach

This study is an investigation into Chinese EFL teachers’ knowledge and understanding of teaching English as a foreign language within the context of a time of tremendous social change in China. In a medium-sized city, biographical narrative interviews and observation were used to three Chinese secondary EFL teachers, of three successive generations. An in-depth narrative analysis interpreting their metaphors, and constructing their life stories is employed to understand the biographical narrative data. It indicates how individual teacher’s knowledge is both constrained and enabled by themselves and by the wider society they live in, and how change and continuity are intertwined in the teaching and learning practices of the three generations. This paper also addresses certain key issues in biographical narrative studies, namely subjectivity, representation, and cultural bearings, and teachers’ knowledge, all of which constitute a form of pedagogy in educational research.     

双侧标准大骨瓣减压治疗特重型颅脑损伤

总结2002年5月至2005年5月间采取双侧标准大骨瓣减压救治的38例特重型颅脑损伤的临床效果。探讨双侧去大骨瓣减压术治疗特重型颅脑损伤的手术方法与临床意义等问题。指出早期标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压能明显改善特重型颅脑损伤病人的预后。     

试论巴克《再生》三部曲对“创伤后压力症”的描写

帕特 巴克(Pat Barker)是20世纪80年代英国文坛上崛起的著名作家,被誉为“英国现当代重要作家”。在《再生》三部曲里,她描写了许多参加过第一次世界大战的士兵因为在战场上遭受的痛苦经历而患上创伤后压力症,并随之产生一系列心理躯体化反应,真实地再现了战争给人类带来的灾难和痛苦,并且控诉了战争的残酷。     

General population norms about child abuse and neglect and associations with childhood experiences

BACKGROUND: A variety of definitions of child abuse and neglect exist. However, little is known about norms in the general population as to what constitutes child abuse and neglect or how perceived norms may be related to personal experiences. METHODS: We conducted a random-digit-dialed telephone survey of 504 Washington State adults. Respondents were asked whether they believed each of 34 behaviors, identified in focus groups as possibly physically, sexually or emotionally abusive or neglectful, constituted abuse or neglect. Then, they were asked whether they had experienced 33 of the behaviors. RESULTS: Five of the six behaviors with the highest levels of consensus were for sexual abuse, whereas only one emotionally abusive behavior had a high level of consensus (95% agreement). Consensus that spanking constituted abuse increased with severity. Those respondents who reported experiencing a particular behavior were significantly less likely to believe the behavior abusive for 11 of the 33 behaviors and more likely to believe the behavior abusive for two of the behaviors. Where comparisons were possible, there was a high level of consensus that behaviors identified as abusive in Child Protective Service operational definitions constituted abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported childhood experiences were associated with perceived norms about child abuse. A better understanding of community norms about child abuse and neglect may be helpful in communicating with the public or allow for better targeting of educational messages through the media, parenting education classes, and so forth.     

The Experience of Columbian Child Soldiers from a Resilience Perspective

There are child soldiers fighting with government forces and opposition groups in more than 30 countries worldwide. Although studies have been conducted on the impact of war-related trauma on children, very few have focused on those children who do not exhibit trauma-related symptoms after experiencing armed combat. The purpose of this study was to identify and understand some of the mechanisms and resources that resilient children draw upon to overcome the trauma of child soldiering. Six Colombian child soldiers were recruited through purposive sampling techniques to participate in a narrative study focusing on their lived experiences and their personal understanding of how they were able to overcome the effects of war trauma. Six narrative themes were identified and discussed in terms of the literature on trauma and childhood resilience and also related to counselling needs and services.     

远去的足音——论海明威死亡情结

美国现代小说家海明威以其非凡的经历和不朽的文学作品享誉世界,然而在他事业如日中天的时候,却自毙身亡,引起世人的无尽哀戚与困惑。作为生命个体,尤其是喜欢冒险并有着复杂经历的海明威,不可避免地多次与死亡擦肩而过,受到死神的捉弄并惶恐地感到死之凄凉、死之无常和死之不可捉摸。作为文学家的海明威,他无法回避对人生仔细的琢磨和深刻的领悟后产生的苍凉虚无的悲哀,所以不得不用死亡去实现另一种圆满。     

Treatment for Sexual Assault Survivors at University Counseling Centers

University Counseling Centers (UCCs) provide important services for sexual assault survivors, yet little research has been conducted on interventions used by clinicians in this unique setting. As a preliminary investigation, UCC professionals were asked about services provided to survivors of sexual assault and staff perceptions of the effectiveness of these interventions. Supportive counseling was perceived to be the most effective relative to other interventions, and many participants indicated that they did not use or were not sure if other evidence-based interventions were effective with student victims. Several recommendations for future research on sexual assault services in UCCs are suggested.     

Trauma as the turning point in opening up self-education: Embracing sorrow and this world through no-self realisation

Abstract

Life is ever-changing and unpredictable. Because of drastic changes in our society, numerous people are under pressure from various sources at school, in the workplace, or in their families. People need a therapeutic pedagogy to develop the capacity to heal from their traumas. Conventionally, education is assumed to enhance learners’ self-realisation. This article proposes another viewpoint of self-realisation, or rather its reverse, from the spiritual aspect as a manner of self-realisation without the self, called no-self realisation. The idea is developed from both the Buddhist and Daoist perspectives on the wisdom of the no-self. This article suggests that no-self realisation is a therapeutic approach that supports one to turn direction from seeking for extrinsic value to exploring inner wisdom while meeting with misfortune. It can be applied as a manner of self-education for equipping positive attitude to cope with human trauma. No-self realisation can be attained by achieving freedom from releasing self-consciousness. It deconstructs the narrow idea of the ego-self. When the ego is out of mind, the capacity of the human self is able to broaden its scope. This creates a realisation—a no-self realisation—for completing a mature life with a no-self mind that opens up the capacity for unlimited tolerance. One is thus able to embrace this world and the harm caused in the world.