“竞赛行动”与“竞赛行为”的区别现状比较研究

运用文献分析和思想比较的方法,从道德与伦理的根本区别出发,引出了竞赛行动与竞赛行为的本质性差异,并对此进行了分析和讨论。其主要结论为:竞赛行动与竞赛行为之间具有本质性的差异,前者比后者具有价值上的优先性;强调竞赛行动的重要性并不否定竞赛行为的必要性。     

伦理行为类型学说（下）——《新伦理学》研究（10）

《新伦理学》对伦理行为规律及其类型体系的原创性探讨并没有摆脱静态思维模式的制约。伦理行为规律既涉及纵向生成也涉及横向生成,在其纵向生成轴上,伦理行为规律生成的原动力不是爱与恨,而是利益。由此,伦理行为体系得以建立的基石,只能是其原初类型,它由其原初性质类型和原初形态类型整合生成。在其原初类型这块基石上,伦理行为目的类型和伦理行为手段类型才得以建立。由此,目的类型与手段类型所统合生成的伦理行为体系,就不只是16种,而应该是由具有正义性质与非正义性质的共24种类型的伦理行为构成。     

体育教学中的先决体育认知行为和运动情感特点

先决体育认知行为和先决运动情感影响一个人继续参与体育活动的态度和方式.从先决体育认知行为和先决运动情感特点的形成及其在运动态度形成过程中的作用等方面阐述了先决体育认知行为和运动情感特点对大学生持续参与体育活动的影响,进而提出了一个既能够满足大学生现实参与运动的需求又能适应进入社会长远参与运动的需求的高校体育教学模式.     

信息技术条件下的消费者行为特征

信息技术的发展使网上交易成为可能。但是 ,人们在关注网上商店的环境设计、信息结构设计、经营品种选择和经营规模扩大的同时 ,却忽视了一个重要的因素———在信息技术条件下消费者行为特征的改变。由于不能根据消费者网上购物行为的变化而制定相应的网上营销策略 ,因此 ,虽然网上店铺开张很多 ,但交易额并不大。本文从网上交易的环境分析入手 ,探讨在信息技术条件下网上交易的基本模式和消费者信息活动模式 ,分析Inter net对消费者行为的影响 ,讨论信息技术条件下购物类型和网上消费者的特征     

Early childhood maltreatment and trajectories of behavioral problems: Exploring gender and racial differences

The current study aimed to examine the trajectory of child behavior problems over time as a function of early maltreatment. We anticipated that early alleged maltreatment would have a substantial impact on both internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The impact of gender and racial differences in the trajectories were also examined. Using the LONGSCAN archived data, a total of 484 children were selected for the study from varying sites. Two groups were formed: children with early allegations of maltreatment from birth to age 4 and children without any report. Children included did not have further allegations of maltreatment from ages 4 to 12. Additionally, they must have completed a behavioral assessment using the Child Behavior Checklist at the age 4 baseline interview. Multilevel modeling using the SAS PROC MIXED procedure was used to examine the effects of early allegations of maltreatment on the trajectories of both internalizing and externalizing problems. Although race was not significant, gender was found to differ in trajectory of behavioral problems among children with early allegations of maltreatment. For boys, the impact of early maltreatment was strongest at the most proximal assessment of behavioral outcomes and then decreased gradually over the course of subsequent periods. For girls, although no significant impact was observed at each measurement point, the impact of early maltreatment increased and became pronounced over time. Findings support the importance of early intervention/prevention to decrease the likelihood of presenting behavioral problems in later childhood years with consideration to gender.     

Subtypes of exposure to intimate partner violence within a Canadian child welfare sample: Associated risks and child maladjustment

Children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) are at increased risk of experiencing behavioral difficulties including externalizing and internalizing problems. While there is mounting evidence about mental health problems in children exposed to IPV, most of the research to date focuses on IPV exposure as a unitary, homogeneous construct. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between subtypes of IPV exposure on child functioning and presence of harm within a child welfare sample. Given the evidence of the “double whammy” effect, co-occurring IPV exposure was also examined. Using data from the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect – 2008 (n = 2,184) we examined whether specific IPV exposure subtypes or their co-occurrence resulted in a greater risk of child maladjustment. Information was obtained from child welfare workers’ reports. Caregiver and household risk factors were also examined. Co-occurring IPV exposure resulted in the greatest risk for reported child maladjustment. Exposure to emotional IPV and direct physical IPV were significantly associated with increased risk of internalizing problems and presence of harm. Caregiver mental health and lack of social support emerged as significant risk factors for behavior problems. This study adds to the evidence that exposure to subtypes of IPV may be differentially related to child functioning. Given that risk factors and child functioning is part of the decision-making framework for case worker referrals, this study provides important preliminary evidence about how the child welfare system operates in practice with respect to sub-types of exposure to IPV. These findings suggest that intervening with children exposed to different types of IPV may require a tailored approach.     

Children's shyness,popularity, school liking,cooperative participation,and internalizing problems in the early school years

Aims of the present study included understanding the manner in which shyness during the first year of formal schooling predicts early popularity in the peer group, as well as the manner in which children's shyness and popularity uniquely contribute to later school liking, cooperative participation, and internalizing problems. Structural equation modeling using parents’, teachers’, and children's reports suggested that children's (N = 291; 46% girls) kindergarten shyness predicted lower school liking and lower cooperative participation during second grade through its negative association with first grade popularity. Shyness during the first year of formal schooling may relate to difficulties in the classroom during later years due to problematic peer relations. The indirect relation of kindergarten shyness to second-grade internalizing problems through first-grade popularity was not statistically significant. Kindergarten shyness was also directly related to higher cooperative participation, which suggests that relations between early shyness and classroom engagement may be more complex than previously assumed.     

Social skills and problem behaviors as mediators of the relationship between behavioral self-regulation and academic achievement

Early behavioral self-regulation is an important predictor of the skills children need to be successful in school. However, little is known about the mechanism(s) through which self-regulation affects academic achievement. The current study investigates the possibility that two aspects of children's social functioning, social skills and problem behaviors, mediate the relationship between preschool self-regulation and literacy and math achievement. Additionally, we investigated whether the meditational processes differed for boys and girls. We expected that better self-regulation would help children to interact well with others (social skills) and minimize impulsive or aggressive (problem) behaviors. Positive interactions with others and few problem behaviors were expected to relate to gains in achievement as learning takes place within a social context. Preschool-aged children (n = 118) were tested with direct measures of self-regulation, literacy, and math. Teachers reported on children's social skills and problem behaviors. Using a structural equation modeling approach (SEM) for mediation analysis, social skills and problem behaviors were found to mediate the relationship between self-regulation and growth in literacy across the preschool year, but not math. Findings suggest that the mediational process was similar for boys and girls. These findings indicate that a child's social skills and problem behaviors are part of the mechanism through which behavioral self-regulation affects growth in literacy. Self-regulation may be important not just because of the way that it relates directly to academic achievement but also because of the ways in which it promotes or inhibits children's interactions with others.     

一种基于用户浏览行为的数据采集方法

提出了一种基于用户浏览行为的客户端数据采集方法,普通浏览者访问图书馆网络监测系统服务器端网页时,浏览器自动运行嵌入在网页中的JavaScript代码.通过JavaScript代码的运行,普通浏览者与采集中心进行连接和数据传送,实时地采集用户行为数据,实时地统计汇总网站的最新状态数据.该数据采集方法对被监测网站服务器运行效率没有影响,其优点在绍兴图书馆网络监测系统得到了验证.